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Transimpedance Amplifier for Early Detection of Breast Cancer PDF

143 Pages·2014·2.32 MB·English
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Diogo Telmo Cruz Dias Licenciado em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores Transimpedance Amplifier for Early Detection of Breast Cancer Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores Orientador: Luís Augusto Bica Gomes de Oliveira, Prof. Auxiliar, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Júri: Presidente: Prof. Doutor Pedro Miguel Ribeiro Pereira Arguente: Prof. Doutor Rui Manuel Leitão Santos Tavares Vogal: Prof. Doutor João Pedro Abreu de Oliveira Setembro, 2014 ii Transimpedance Amplifier for Early Detection of Breast Cancer Copyright © Diogo Telmo Cruz Dias, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa. A Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia e a Universidade Nova de Lisboa têm o direito, perpétuo e sem limites geográficos, de arquivar e publicar esta dissertação através de exemplares impressos reproduzidos em papel ou de forma digital, ou por qualquer outro meio conhecido ou que venha a ser inventado, e de a divulgar através de repositórios científicos e de admitir a sua cópia e distribuição com objectivos educacionais ou de investigação, não comerciais, desde que seja dado crédito ao autor e editor. iii iv Acknowledgements The work presented in this thesis was only made possible given the motivating environment found in the Department of Electrical Engineering of the Faculty of Sciences and Technology. For that, for providing the means necessary to the development of this work and for the high institutional standards presented, I would like to address a truthful and deep word of appreciation. I would also like to thank Professor Luís Oliveira, my thesis advisor, for the relentless support, patience, dedication and availability demonstrated. Without any of these characteristics, this work would have had become an exponentially harder feat to achieve, if achieved at all. I would still like to mention that the trust he placed upon me have been crucial to the good conclusion of this work. For all the mentioned, a sincere and ever unforgettable word of gratitude. To Professor João Goes and Professor João Pedro Oliveira, I would like to address a special appreciation for their support and interest demonstrated. Their motivational capability has kept me in the right track countless times. To Professor Rui Tavares, I would like to issue a word of appreciation regarding all the support provided with some technical issues that came by. I would still like to address a very sincere and strong word of gratitude to Professor Manuel de Medeiros Silva. His lectures and monitoring, in an early stage of my academic path, have been the main driver for pursuing a specialization in electronics and, even though not being physically present, his influence will always be an intellectual reference to me. To all my office colleagues – Nuno Pereira, Diogo Inácio, Miguel Fernandes, Filipe Melo and João Eusébio – I can only wish the best academic success. Thank you for the technical help and suggestions, fun times and for providing a wonderful working environment. To my non-office colleagues – Pedro Sardinha, Carlos Gaspar, Raúl Guilherme, Diogo Sousa and Hugo Serra – a deep appreciation for the good times spent and for making me feel at home day after day. Finally, for my better half, Marisa Esteves, I can undoubtedly state that without her none of this would have been made possible. My gratitude to her, for sticking with me in these last five, difficult, years is eternal. For being my safe haven, that kept me strong, when everything else crumbled, for being an immense inspirational and motivational source, for all that she has lost while helping me find myself and for her unconditional support, I am eternally grateful. No matter what, this will always be present in me. Thank you, without you I could never be where I am today. v vi Universidade Nova de Lisboa Resumo Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Departamento de Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores por Diogo Telmo Cruz Dias O cancro da mama é o tipo de cancro mais comum, à escala mundial. A eficácia do seu tratamento depende, não só, de uma detecção atempada, mas também da precisão do seu diagnóstico. Algumas técnicas de diagnóstico como a Ressonância Magnética, Sonogramas por Ultra-som e Tomografia por Emissão de Positrões (PET) têm sofrido avanços consideráveis. O trabalho aqui apresentado incide sobre o estudo de uma aplicação PET direccionada para a Mamografia por Emissão de Positrões (PEM). Um sistema PET/PEM opera sob o princípio no qual um cristal cintilante deverá detectar um impulso de raios gama, originado nas células cancerígenas, convertendo-o num impulso de luz visível. Este último deverá ser convertido num impulso de corrente eléctrica através de um Dispositivo Fotossensível (PSD). Após o PSD, surge um Amplificador de Transimpedância (TIA), cujo objectivo é o de converter o impulso de corrente numa tensão de saída num período de tempo inferior a 40 ns. No trabalho aqui apresentado é considerado um Fotomultiplicador de Silício (SiPM). A utilização deste dispositivo é impraticável com as topologias de TIAs convencionais. Logo, o projecto do amplificador será sujeito à utilização da topologia Porta Comum Regulada (RCG). Serão apresentadas duas variações da referida topologia, consistindo numa melhoria da resposta do ruído e possibilidade de operação em modo diferencial. A referida topologia irá ainda ser testada no contexto de um receptor de Radiofrequência. Será também apresentado um estudo que incluirá um TIA com realimentação auto-polarizado em tensão reduzida. Os circuitos propostos são simulados com tecnologia CMOS padrão (UMC 130 nm), alimentados a 1.2 V. Obteve-se um consumo de potência de 0.34 mW e uma relação sinal-ruído de 43 dB. Palavras-Chave: Tomografia por Emissão de Positrões, Detectores de Radiação, Amplificador de Transimpedância, Fotomultiplicador de Silício, pulse shaping. vii viii Universidade Nova de Lisboa Abstract Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Departamento de Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores por Diogo Telmo Cruz Dias Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide. The effectiveness of its treatment depends on early stage detection, as well as on the accuracy of its diagnosis. Recently, diagnosis techniques have been submitted to relevant breakthroughs with the upcoming of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Ultrasound Sonograms and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans, among others. The work presented here is focused on studying the application of a PET system to a Positron Emission Mammography (PEM) system. A PET/PEM system works under the principle that a scintillating crystal will detect a gamma-ray pulse, originated at the cancerous cells, converting it into a correspondent visible light pulse. The latter must then be converted into an electrical current pulse by means of a Photo- -Sensitive Device (PSD). After the PSD there must be a Transimpedance Amplifier (TIA) in order to convert the current pulse into a suitable output voltage, in a time period lower than 40 ns. In this Thesis, the PSD considered is a Silicon Photo-Multiplier (SiPM). The usage of this recently developed type of PSD is impracticable with the conventional TIA topologies, as it will be proven. Therefore, the usage of the Regulated Common-Gate (RCG) topology will be studied in the design of the amplifier. There will be also presented two RCG variations, comprising a noise response improvement and differential operation of the circuit. The mentioned topology will also be tested in a Radio-Frequency front-end, showing the versatility of the RCG. A study comprising a low-voltage self-biasing feedback TIA will also be shown. The proposed circuits will be simulated with standard CMOS technology (UMC 130 nm), using a 1.2 V power supply. A power consumption of 0.34 mW with a signal-to-noise ratio of 43 dB was achieved. Keywords: Positron Emission Tomography, Radiation Detectors, Transimpedance Amplifiers, Silicon Photo-Multipliers, pulse shaping. ix x

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