Transgender Sex Work and Society

493 Pages·2018·3.963 MB·English

by  Larry Nuttbrock (ed.)

TRANSGENDER
SEX WORK AND
SOCIETY
EDITED BY
L A R R Y N U T T B R O C K
TRANSGENDER
SEX WORK AND
SOCIETY
NEW YORK, NY • USA
TRANSGENDER
SEX WORK AND
SOCIETY
EDITED BY
L A R R Y N U T T B R O C K
Copyright © 2018 by Harrington Park Press
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed,
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Libray of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Nuttbrock, Larry A., 1946– editor.
Title: Transgender sex work and society / edited by Larry A. Nuttbrock.
Description: New York, NY : Harrington Park Press, [2018] | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017039041| ISBN 9781939594228 (hardcover : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9781939594235 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Prostitution. | Transgender people.
Classification: LCC HQ115 .T73 2018 | DDC 306.74086/7—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017039041
Manufactured in the United States of America
Dedicated to all the gender-nonconforming
individuals who participated in the studies
reported throughout this volume.
CONTENTS
Foreword x
Walter Bockting
Introduction xiv
Toward a Better Understanding of Transgender Sex Work
Larry A. Nuttbrock
SECTION I EMPIRICAL DESCRIPTIONS AND A CONCEPTUAL
FORMULATION FOR SEX WORK AMONG TRANSWOMEN
IN THE UNITED STATES
Chapter 1 Qualitative Description of Sex Work among 2
Transwomen in New York City
Sel J. Hwahng
Chapter 2 Quantitative Description of Sex Work among 18
Transwomen in New York City
Larry A. Nuttbrock
Chapter 3 Why Are So Many Transwomen in the Sex Trade, and 34
Why Are So Many of Them Ethnic Minorities?
Larry A. Nuttbrock and Sel J. Hwahng
SECTION II SURVIVAL SEX AMONG YOUNG TRANSGENDER
PERSONS IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE
UNITED KINGDOM
Chapter 4 Compound Harms: What the Literature Says about 48
Survival Sex among Young Trans People in the
United Kingdom and the United States
Lorna C. Barton
SECTION III PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS AND HEALTH RISK BEHAVIOR
Chapter 5 Relationship Dynamics and Health Risk Behavior among 64
Transwomen and Their Cisgender Male Partners
Tiffany R. Glynn and Don Operario
SECTION IV MENTAL HEALTH AND SUBSTANCE USE ISSUES AMONG
TRANSWOMEN IN THE SEX TRADE
Chapter 6 Mental Health and Transphobia among Transwomen 78
Sex Workers: Application and Extension of Minority
Stress Models
Don Operario, Tiffany R. Glynn, and Tooru Nemoto
Chapter 7 Sex Work and Major Depression among Transwomen 90
in New York City: Mediating Effects of Gender Abuse
and Substance Use
Larry A. Nuttbrock
Chapter 8 Substance Use among Transgender Sex Workers 104
Beth R. Hoffman
SECTION V HIV AMONG TRANSWOMEN IN THE SEX TRADE
Chapter 9 The Prevalence of HIV among Transwomen Sex Workers: 118
A Review of Current Literature
Ayden I. Scheim, Laura Winters, Zack Marshall,
Daze Jefferies, and Stefan D. Baral
Chapter 10 HIV and Substance Use among Transwomen Sex 146
Workers: A Vicious Cycle of Socioeconomic Hardship,
Unmet Service Needs, and Health Risk
Tiffany R. Glynn, Don Operario, and Tooru Nemoto
Chapter 11 Sex Work, High-Risk Sexual Behavior, and Incident 164
HIV/STI among Transwomen in New York City:
A Study of Mediating Factors
Larry A. Nuttbrock
Chapter 12 Sex Work and Antiretroviral Therapy among Transwomen 186
of Color Living with HIV in New York City
Larry A. Nuttbrock
SECTION VI TRANSGENDER SEX WORK IN DIFFERENT
CULTURAL SETTINGS
Chapter 13 Sex Work in Turkey: Experiences of Transwomen 196
Ceylan Engin
Chapter 14 Hijras/Transwomen and Sex Work in India: 214
From Marginalization to Social Protection
Venkatesan Chakrapani, Peter A. Newman,
and Ernest Noronha
Chapter 15 Transgender Sex Work in Brazil: 236
Historico-Cultural Perspectives
Don Kulick
Chapter 16 The Changing Landscape of Transgender Sex Work, 264
Pimping, and Trafficking in Brazil
Barry M. Wolfe
Chapter 17 Sociocultural Context of Sex Work among Mak Nyah 288
(Transgender Women) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Tooru Nemoto, Rebecca de Guzman, Yik Koon Teh,
Mariko Iwamoto, and Karen Trocki
Chapter 18 Sociocultural Context of Health among Kathoey 316
(Transwomen) and Female Sex Workers in
Bangkok, Thailand
Tooru Nemoto, Usaneya Perngparn,
Chitlada Areesantichai, Mariko Iwamato,
Charlene Bumanglag, and Julia Moore
Chapter 19 Transgender Sex Work in the Andean Region: 336
Between Vulnerability and Resilience
Ximena Salazar, Aron Núnez-Curto, Angélica Motta,
and Carlos F. Cáceres
Chapter 20 Transgender Sex Work in Spain: 350
Psychosocial Profile and Mental Health
Rafael Ballester-Arnal, Maria Dolores Gil-Llario,
Jesús Castro-Calvo, Trinidad Bergero-Miguel,
and José Guzmán-Parra
Chapter 21 Prevalence and Associated Factors of 368
Condomless Receptive Anal Intercourse with
Male Clients among Transwomen Sex Workers
in Shenyang, China
Zixin Wang, Joseph T. F. Lau, Yong Cai,
Jinghua Li, Tiecheng Ma, and Yan Liu
SECTION VII CARE AND TREATMENT OF TRANSGENDER
SEX WORKERS
Chapter 22 Issues in the Care and Treatment of Transwomen 392
Sex Workers
Asa Radix and Zil Goldstein
SECTION VIII C RIMINAL JUSTICE VERSUS PUBLIC HEALTH
PERSPECTIVES ON TRANSGENDER SEX WORK
Chapter 23 Police Abuse, Depressive Symptoms, and High-Risk 406
Sexual Behavior for HIV among Transwomen
Larry A. Nuttbrock
Chapter 24 Criminal Justice versus Health and Human Rights 420
Perspectives on Transgender Sex Work
Tara Lyons, Leslie Pierre, Andrea Krüsi,
and Kate Shannon
SECTION IX ANALYTIC SUMMARY AND DIRECTIONS FOR
FURTHER STUDY
Chapter 25 Analytic Summary and Directions for Further Study 432
Walter Bockting and Larry A. Nuttbrock
Contributors 439
Glossary 449
Index 464