Transfusion medicine in practice PDF
Preview Transfusion medicine in practice
Transfusion Medicine in Practice Taylor & Francis Taylor & Francis Group http://taylorandfrancis.com Transfusion Medicine in Practice Edited by jennifer Duguid, MB, FRCPath Consultant Haematologist, Wrexham Maelor Hospital, Wrexham, UK Lawrence Tim Goodnough, MD Professor of Medicine, Pathology and Immunology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, USA Michael J Desmond, MB, MRCP Consultant Cardiothoracic Anaesthetist, The Cardiothoracic Centre, Liverpool, UK 0 CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor E< Francis Group, an informa business © 2002 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business First published in the United Kingdom in 2002 by Martin Dunitz Ltd, The livery House, 7-9 Pratt Street, London NW1 OAE Tel: +44 (0) 20 74822202 Fax: +44 (0) 20 72670159 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.dunitz.co.uk All rights reserved. No pan of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Coun Road, London W1P OLP. Although every effon has been made to ensure that drug doses and other information are presented accurately in this publication, the ultimate responsibility rests with the prescribing physician. Neither the publishers nor the authors can be held responsible for errors or for any consequences arising from the use of information contained herein. For detailed prescribing information or instructions on the use of any product or procedure discussed herein, please consult the prescribing information or instructional material issued by the manufacturer. A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 1-84184-204-4 Although every effon has been made to ensure that all owners of copyright material have been acknowledged in this publication, we would be glad to acknowledge in subsequent reprints or editions any omissions brought to our attention. Distributed in the USA by Fulfilment Center Taylor & Francis 7625 Empire Drive Florence, KY 41042, USA Toll Free Tel: +1 800 634 7064 E-mail:cserve@routledge_ny.com Distributed in Canada by Taylor & Francis 74 Rolark Drive Scarborough, Ontario M1R 4G2, Canada Toll Free Tel: +1 877 226 2237 E-mail: [email protected] Distributed in the rest of the world by Thomson Publishing Services Cheriton House Nonh Way Andover, Hampshire SP10 5BE, UK Tel: +44 (0)1264 332424 E-mail: [email protected] Composition by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddies Ltd. Contents Contributors vii 1. Hospital transfusion practice FrankE Boulton 1 2. Transfusion products Susan Knowles 21 3. Blood transfusion in patients requiring long-term support Aleksandar Mijovic 49 4. Transfusion support in transplantation Darrell] Triulzi, Ileana Lopez-Plaza 73 5. Blood and blood component use in cardiac surgery or 'why do cardiac surgical patients bleed?' Robert R]effrey, Michael] Desmond 103 6. Surgical transfusion: Non-cardiac Lawrence Tim Goodnough, Terri G Monk 115 7. Major obstetric haemorrhage Simon Bricker 133 8. Paediatric and neonatal transfusions Paula HB Bolton-Maggs 151 9. Transfusion practice in resuscitation and critical illness Gary Masterson 175 10. Pharmacologic alternatives to blood Lawrence Tim Goodnough 199 11. Congenital and acquired disorders of coagulation jeanne M Lusher, Roshni Kulkarni 215 12. Therapeutic apheresis Mark E Brecher 253 13. Transfusion service management james P AuBuchon, Dafydd W Thomas 277 Index 293 Taylor & Francis Taylor & Francis Group http://taylorandfrancis.com Contributors James P AuBuchon, MD Jennifer Duguid, MB, FRCPath Blood Bank and Transfusion Service Department of Haematology Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center Wrexham Maelor Hospital One Medical Center Drive Croesnewydd Road Lebanon, NH 03782 Wrexham USA Clwyd, Lll3 7TD UK Paula HB Bolton-Maggs, MD, FRCP, FRCPath, FRCPCH Lawrence Tim Goodnough, MD Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital Division of Laboratory Medicine, Box 8118 Alder Hey Washington University School of Medicine Eaton Road 660 South Euclid Avenue Liverpool, Ll2 2AP StLouis, MO 63110 UK USA Frank E Boulton, MD Robert RJeffrey, MB, FRCSEd, FETCS National Blood Transfusion Service Aberdeen Royal Infirmary Coxford Road Grampian University Hospital NHS Trust Southampton, SO16 SAS Foresterhill UK Aberdeen, AB9 2ZB UK Mark E Brecher, MD Transfusion Medicine Service Susan Knowles, MB, FRCP, FRCPath CB 7600 University of North Carolina Hospitals Epsom and St Helier NHS Trust 101 Manning Drive St Helier Hospital Chapel Hill, NC 27514 Wrythe Lane USA Carshalton, SMS 1AA UK Simon Bricker, FRCA Department of Anaesthetics Roshni Kulkarni, MD Countess of Chester Hospital Department of Pediatrics, Human Development Liverpool Road and Hematology/Oncology Chester, CH2 IUL Michigan State University College of Human UK Medicine MSU Subspeciality Clinics J Michael Desmond, MB, MRCP B-220 Clinical Center Department of Anaesthesia Lansing, MI 48824-1313 The Cardiothoracic Centre USA Liverpool, Ll4 3PE UK viii Contributors Ileana L6pez-Plaza, MD Terri G Monk, MD Department of Pathology Department of Anaesthesiology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine University of Florida Institute for Transfusion Medicine PO Box 100154 3636 Boulevard of the Allies Gainesville, FL 36111 Pittsburgh, PA 15113 USA USA Dafydd W Thomas, MB, FRCA jeanne M Lusher, MD Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Division of Hematology/Oncology Swansea NHS Trust Children's Hospital of Michigan Morriston Hospital 3901 Beaubien Boulevard Heol Cwmrhydyceirw Detroit, Ml48101 Swansea SA6 6PD USA UK Gary Masterson, MRCP, FRCA Darrell J Triulzi, MD Intensive Therapy Unit Department of Pathology Royal Liverpool University Hospital University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Prescot Street Institute for Transfusion Medicine Liverpool, L7 BXP 3636 Boulevard of the Allies UK Pittsburgh, PA 15113 USA Aleksandar Mijovic PhD, MB, MRCPath Department of Haematological Medicine King's College Hospital Denmark Hill London SE5 9RS UK 1 Hospital transfusion practice FrankE Boulton INTRODUCTION killed one. The same anticoagulant was used for a haemophiliac in 1910;4 this was the last There is no doubt that blood transfusion has recorded use of 'phosphated blood' being saved lives. Unfortunately, some recipients used. have died from transfusion - although not Although defribrinated blood was used by always from administrative or technical some surgeons, adverse events were frequent 'errors'. Some early recipients were victims of and most surgeons at this stage favoured a trauma (including obstetric) or had required 'direct' and rapid approach to avoid clotting. major surgery, while others had profound In 1905, Alexis Carrel successfully transfused 'pernicious' anaemia. A few were babies with blood from a New York surgeon to his haemorrhagic disease. newborn daughter who had haemorrhagic disease5 by surgically anastomosing donor TRANSFUSION BEFORE 1940 artery to patient vein. Crile simply used a Clinically based transfusion practice, con short metal tube over which the cut ends of ceived in the 1820s by james Blundell in the dissected-out vessels were cuffed to join London, gestated for nearly nine decades. donor to recipient. Elsberg's similar device Several Americans, including two Union sol was used for Duke's thrombocytopenic diers in the Civil War, received human blood patient, from whom platelet function and the in the 1850s and 1860s (others got animal value of the bleeding time was first blood), with singular lack of success and demonstrated. A major problem was the occasional deaths through incompatibility.12 inability to measure the amount transfused - • Braxton Hicks - Blundell's successor - used indeed, Duke's donor probably gave more rather strong solutions of 'phosphate of soda' than a litre.6 An ingenious method for trans to prevent troublesome clotting of blood col fusing known volumes of unmodified blood lected for transfusion. This worked, but few was devised by Unger, who connected lines to patients survived - although some rallied tem recipient and donor via a four-way stopcock porarily with the rather small volumes of and a saline syringe.7 These direct methods 'phosphated blood' given. Brakenridge of (not to be confused with the later 'directed' Edinburgh was more successful with 5% methods of donor selection) had the major phosphate (one volume to two or three disadvantage of direct contact between donor volumes of blood) used within hours of col and patient, and the surgery meant that lection for five patients diagnosed with perni donors could only be used once. cious anaemia.3 Incompatibility probably Incompatibility was still problematic.
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