Transforming India T R A N S F O R M I N G I N D I A Challenges to the World’s Largest Democracy SUMANTRA BOSE Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, En gland 2013 Copyright © 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-i n-P ublication Data Bose, Sumantra, 1968– Transforming India : challenges to the world’s largest democracy / Sumantra Bose. pages cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0 -6 74-0 5066-2 (alk. paper) 1. Democracy—I ndia. 2. India—P olitics and government. I. Title. JQ281.B67 2013 320.954—dc23 2013007727 In memory of Subhas Chandra Bose and Sisir Kumar Bose who represented the best of what it means to be Indian and To the Soil and People of the Beloved Country Contents Introduction: The Uniqueness of India’s Democracy 1 1 From In dep end ence to 1989 9 2 The Transformation since 1990 57 3 Democracy in West Bengal 111 4 The Maoist Challenge 165 5 The Kashmir Question 225 Conclusion: The Future of India’s Democracy 287 Notes 299 Glossary of Names and Terms 313 Ack nowl edgm ents 329 Index 333 Transforming India