Transforming Gender Citizenship: The Irresistible Rise of Gender Quotas in Europe

483 Pages·2018·2.728 MB·English

by  Éléonore Lépinard and Ruth Rubio-Marín (eds.)

Transforming gender Ci Tizenship
Gender quotas are a controversial policy measure. However, over the past
twenty years they have been widely adopted around the world and espe-
cially in Europe. They are now used in politics, corporate boards, state
and local public administration and even in civil society organizations.
This book explores this unprecedented phenomenon, providing a unique
comparative perspective on gender quotas’ adoption across thirteen
European countries. It also studies resistance to gender quotas by polit-
ical parties and supreme courts. Providing up-to-date comprehensive
data on gender quotas regulations, Transforming Gender Citizenship pro-
poses a typology of countries, from those which have embraced gender
quotas as a new way to promote gender equality in all spheres of social
life, to those who have consistently refused gender quotas as a tool for
gender equality. Reflecting on divergences and commonalities across
Europe, the authors analyze how gender quotas may transform dominant
conception of citizenship and gender equality.
Éléonore Lépinard is Associate Professor in Gender Studies at the
Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lausanne.
Ruth Rubio-MarÍn is Professor of Constitutional Law at the
University of Seville, Spain, and a member of the Faculty of The Hauser
Global Law School Program at New York University.
Cambridge sTudies in La w and soCieTy
Founded in 1997, Cambridge Studies in Law and Society is a hub for
leading scholarship in socio-legal studies. Located at the intersection
of law, the humanities, and the social sciences, it publishes empirically
innovative and theoretically sophisticated work on law’s manifestations
in everyday life: from discourses to practices, and from institutions to
cultures. The series editors have longstanding expertise in the interdis-
ciplinary study of law, and welcome contributions that place legal phe-
nomena in national, comparative, or international perspective. Series
authors come from a range of disciplines, including anthropology, his-
tory, law, literature, political science, and sociology.
Series Editors
Mark Fathi Massoud, University of California, Santa Cruz
Jens Meierhenrich, London School of Economics and Political Science
Rachel E. Stern, University of California, Berkeley
A list of books in the series can be found at the back of this book.
Transforming gender
CiTizenship
The irresistible rise of gender
Quotas in europe
Edited by
Éléonore Lépinard
University of Lausanne
Ruth Rubio-Marín
University of Seville
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Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781108429221
DOI: 10.1017/9781108636797
© Cambridge University Press 2018
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First published 2018
Printed in the United Kingdom by Clays, St Ives plc
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-i n- Publication Data
Names: Le´pinard, Éle´onore, editor. | Rubio-Marín, Ruth, editor.
Title: Transforming gender citizenship : the irresistible rise of gender
quotas in Europe / edited by Éle´onore Le´pinard, Universite de Lausanne,
Switzerland, Ruth Rubio-Marín, University of Seville.
Description: Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York, NY : Cambridge University
Press, 2018. | Series: Cambridge studies in law and society.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018011050| ISBN 9781108429221 (hardback : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9781108453356 (pbk. : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Women—Political activity—Europe. | Sex
discrimination—Government policy—Europe. | Women public
officers—Europe. | Europe—Politics and government.
Classification: LCC HQ1236.5.E85 T728 2018 | DDC 320.082/094—dc23 LC record
available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018011050
ISBN 978-1-108-42922-1 Hardback
ISBN 978-1-108-45335-6 Paperback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy
of URLs for external or third- party internet websites referred to in this publication
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.
ConTenTs
List of Figures page ix
List of Tables xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Introduction: Completing the Unfinished Task? Gender
Quotas and the Ongoing Struggle for Women’s
Empowerment in Europe 1
Éléonore Lépinard and Ruth Rubio-Marín
Part I Gender Quotas As Transforma tive
Equality Remedies
1 Gender Quotas in Belgium: Consolidating the Citizenship
Model While Challenging the Conception of Gender
Equality 41
Petra Meier
2 The French Parity Reform: The Never- Ending Quest
for A New Gender Equality Principle 62
Éléonore Lépinard
3 The Role of Gender Quotas in Establishing the Slovene
Citizenship Model: From Gender Blind to Gender
Sensitive 94
Milica Antic´ Gaber and Irena Selišnik
4 Gender Quotas in Spain: Broad Coverage, Uneven
Treatment 126
Tània Verge and Emanuela Lombardo
v
ConTenTs
Part II Gender Quotas As Symbolic Equ ality
Remedies
5 The Protracted Struggle for Gender Quotas in Greek
Politics: Constitutional Reform and Feminist Mobilization
in the EU Context 157
Dia Anagnostou
6 Eppur si Muove: The Tortuous Adoption and
Implementation of Gender Quotas in Conservative Italy 186
Alessia Donà
7 From Electoral to Corporate Board Quotas: The Case of
Portugal 216
Ana Espírito- Santo
8 Gender Quotas and Women’s Solidarity As a Challenge
to the Gender Regime in Poland 245
´
Anna Sledzin´ska- Simon
Part III Gender Quotas as Corrective
Equality Remedies
9 Quota Contagion in Germany: Diffusion, Derailment,
and the Quest for Parity Democracy 279
Sabine Lang
10 The Austrian Paradox: The Challenges of Transforming
a Conservative Gender Regime 308
Nora Gresch and Birgit Sauer
Part IV Gender Quotas As Accessory Equ ality
Measures
11 The “Natural” Prolongation of the Norwegian Gender
Equality Policy Institution 341
Mari Teigen
12 Gender Equality without Legislated Quotas in Sweden 366
Lenita Freidenvall
vi
ConTenTs
13 Gender Equality without Gender Quotas: Dilemmas in
the Danish Approach to Gender Equality and Citizenship 400
Lise Rolandsen Agustín, Birte Siim, and Anette Borchorst
Conclusion: Assessing the Transformative Potential of
Gender Quotas for Gender Equality and Democratic
Citizenship 424
Éléonore Lépinard and Ruth Rubio-Marín
Index 459
vii

figures
4.1 Percentage of women in public office, 1979–2016 137
4.2 Women in publicly listed companies covered by the
2007 law, 2004–15 (by percent) 141
7.1 Synergies between the most important (f)actors for the
adoption of gender quotas 240
9.1 Proportion of women in German Bundestag, 1949–2017
(by percent) 286
11.1 Proportion of women on the boards of public limited
companies and limited liability companies, Norway,
2003–17 350
12.1 Women’s representation in elected bodies, 1970–2014
(by percent) 382
12.2 Women’s representation on company boards, 1993–2015
(by percent) 392
C.1 Sequence of adoption of gender quota mechanisms in
thirteen European countries 426
ix