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Transformative guiding and the long-distance walk PDF

472 Pages·2015·3.13 MB·English
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STEPS TOWARDS CHANGE: Personal transformation through long-distance walking by Robert Edward Saunders Bachelor of Science with Honours (Monash University) Master of Environmental Science (Monash University) Department of Management Faculty of Business and Economics Monash University This thesis is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 2014 Copyright notices 1. Under the Copyright Act 1968, this thesis must be used only under the normal conditions of scholarly fair dealing. In particular no results or conclusions should be extracted from it, nor should it be copied or closely paraphrased in whole or in part without the written consent of the author. Proper written acknowledgement should be made for any assistance obtained from this thesis. 2. I certify that I have made all reasonable efforts to secure copyright permissions for third- party content included in this thesis and have not knowingly added copyright content to my work without the owner's permission. Table of Contents Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ i List of Figures and Tables ................................................................................................ vii Figures........................................................................................................................... vii Tables ............................................................................................................................ vii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. ix Declaration Statement........................................................................................................ xi List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................ xiii Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... xv List of Publications ......................................................................................................... xvii Book chapters.............................................................................................................. xvii Conference papers ....................................................................................................... xvii Posters ....................................................................................................................... xviii Chapter 1 Introduction and background .............................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Background to the research ..................................................................................... 5 1.3 Purpose and aims of the research .......................................................................... 12 1.4 Conceptual overview of methodology ................................................................... 14 1.5 Personal perspectives influencing this research .................................................... 16 1.5.1 A formative experience on a long-distance walk ................................................. 17 1.5.2 Interpreting our heritage ...................................................................................... 19 1.6 Overview of thesis structure .................................................................................. 22 Chapter 2 Literature Review ............................................................................................... 23 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 23 2.2 Characterising transformative personal change ..................................................... 24 2.2.1 Variations on transformative personal change ..................................................... 26 2.2.2 Life change and transition in contemporary life .................................................. 38 2.2.3 Myth, metaphor and symbolism in transformative change .................................. 42 2.2.4 Framing the research topic: significant personal change ..................................... 45 2.3 Personal change through tourism .......................................................................... 47 2.3.1 Personal change outcomes within tourism ........................................................... 47 i 2.3.2 Personally significant experiences in tourism...................................................... 51 2.3.3 Processes of personal change in tourism ............................................................. 56 2.4 The study context: Long-distance walking ............................................................ 60 2.4.1 Defining long-distance ......................................................................................... 62 2.4.2 Relevant styles of walking ................................................................................... 63 2.5 Summary and Research Goals ............................................................................... 65 Chapter 3 Research design and methodology..................................................................... 67 3.1 Rationale and theoretical perspective .................................................................... 67 3.1.1 Phenomenology and experiential research ........................................................... 69 3.1.2 Descriptive and hermeneutic forms of phenomenology ...................................... 70 3.1.3 Phenomenology in tourism studies ...................................................................... 73 3.1.4 Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) ................................................ 74 3.1.5 Research questions ............................................................................................... 76 3.2 Research design ..................................................................................................... 79 3.2.1 Overall logic and structure of the research .......................................................... 79 3.2.2 The multiple values of a multi-method approach ................................................ 80 3.2.3 Sampling strategy, data gathering and sources of evidence ................................ 82 3.2.4 Framing the research without leading participants .............................................. 86 3.2.5 Use of in-depth (semi-structured) interviews ...................................................... 87 3.2.6 Multiple data sources and interpretive perspectives ............................................ 91 3.3 Analysis and interpretation .................................................................................... 92 3.3.1 Narrative analysis................................................................................................. 93 3.3.2 Thematic analysis and beyond ............................................................................. 97 3.3.3 Interpreting the nature and extent of personal change ......................................... 99 3.4 Ensuring research quality .................................................................................... 104 3.4.1 Ethical considerations ........................................................................................ 105 3.4.2 Four principles guiding research quality............................................................ 107 Chapter 4 Outcomes of personal change .......................................................................... 115 4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 115 4.2 Varieties of personal change ................................................................................ 116 4.2.1 Group A: Extensive significant personal change ............................................... 117 4.2.2 Group B: Limited significant personal change .................................................. 126 4.2.3 Group C: No significant personal change .......................................................... 137 ii 4.3 Comparing outcomes between groups ................................................................. 143 4.3.1 Perceived benefits .............................................................................................. 144 4.3.2 Perspective and attitudinal change ..................................................................... 146 4.3.3 Growth and development ................................................................................... 147 4.3.4 Specific behavioural changes ............................................................................. 148 4.4 Summary and initial discussion of findings ........................................................ 150 Chapter 5 Change-related experiences............................................................................. 153 5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 153 5.2 Primary themes of experiential engagement ....................................................... 154 5.2.1 Engagement with the activity of walking .......................................................... 154 5.2.2 Engagement with the setting or context of a walk ............................................. 161 5.2.3 Engagement with other people........................................................................... 170 5.3 Experiential themes involving antecedent issues ................................................ 174 5.3.1 Disengagement and respite from antecedent issues ........................................... 174 5.3.2 (Re)engagement with self or antecedent personal issues ................................... 176 5.4 Summary and initial discussion of findings ........................................................ 177 Chapter 6 Processes of personal change .......................................................................... 181 6.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 181 6.2 Facilitated experience and change ....................................................................... 182 6.2.1 Assisted therapeutic change ............................................................................... 182 6.2.2 Framed experience and personal authenticity .............................................. 185 6.2.3 Choreographed experience and facilitated change ............................................ 190 6.3 Self-directed change ............................................................................................ 194 6.3.1 Growth in self-awareness and self-management ............................................... 195 6.3.2 Narrative construction and evolution ................................................................. 200 6.4 Summary and initial discussion of findings ........................................................ 207 Chapter 7 Discussion ........................................................................................................ 211 7.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 211 7.2 Intention as change-agency ................................................................................. 211 7.2.1 Intention as a change-agent: Therapeutic SPC .................................................. 213 7.2.2 Intention as a change-agent: Adaptive SPC ....................................................... 216 7.2.3 Intention as a change-agent: Induced SPC......................................................... 218 7.2.4 A framework of intention and change-agency ................................................... 221 iii 7.3 Links to positive psychology ............................................................................... 225 7.3.1 Positive change: The advancement of flourishing ............................................. 226 7.3.2 Positive change: Developing character strengths and virtues ............................ 229 7.3.3 Positive change: Authentic happiness ................................................................ 232 7.4 Narrative identity: change and continuity ........................................................... 239 7.4.1 Narrative identity: Performativity and self-perception ...................................... 240 7.4.2 Narrative identity: The trope of redemption ...................................................... 242 7.4.3 Narrative identity: Tropes of pilgrimage and healing ........................................ 243 7.4.4 Narrative identity: The journey-as-transformation ............................................ 245 7.5 Summary ................................................................................................................... 246 Chapter 8 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 247 8.1 Main outcomes of the study................................................................................. 247 8.1.1 Key findings and issues arising.......................................................................... 249 8.1.2 Modes of significant personal change and transformation ................................ 256 8.2 Evaluating the research ........................................................................................ 262 8.2.1 Reflections on the research process ................................................................... 262 8.2.2 Limitations of the research................................................................................. 263 8.2.3 Further research ................................................................................................. 264 8.3 Final reflective musings....................................................................................... 267 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................... 269 Appendix 1 : Long-distance trails in this study ............................................................... 323 Australian Alps Walking Track .................................................................................. 324 Bibbulmun Track, Western Australia ......................................................................... 325 Cape to Cape Track, Western Australia ...................................................................... 326 Egmont National Park circuit, New Zealand .............................................................. 327 Federation Peak, Tasmania ......................................................................................... 328 Great Ocean Walk, Victoria ........................................................................................ 329 Great South Coast Walk, New South Wales ............................................................... 330 Kokoda Trail, Papua New Guinea .............................................................................. 331 Larapinta Trail, Northern Territory............................................................................. 332 Milford Track, New Zealand ...................................................................................... 333 Overland Track, Tasmania .......................................................................................... 334 Rakiura Track, New Zealand ...................................................................................... 335 iv South Coast Track, Tasmania ..................................................................................... 336 Wilsons Promontory National Park southern circuit, Victoria ................................... 337 Appendix 2: Ethics approval .............................................................................................. 339 A2.1 Explanatory Statement ....................................................................................... 340 A2.1 Consent Forms ................................................................................................... 344 Appendix 3: General participant data ............................................................................... 347 A3.1: Phase 1 participants: Location and timing of PSEs .......................................... 347 A3.2: Phase 3 participants: Guides and operators interviewed ................................... 347 A3.3: Potential participants and why they were rejected ............................................ 348 Appendix 4: Participant profiles ........................................................................................ 349 Andrew ........................................................................................................................ 350 Barbara ........................................................................................................................ 351 Claire ........................................................................................................................... 352 Dianne ......................................................................................................................... 353 Elaine and Frank ......................................................................................................... 354 Graeme ........................................................................................................................ 355 Harry ........................................................................................................................... 356 Ivan ............................................................................................................................. 357 Jeff............................................................................................................................... 358 Keith ............................................................................................................................ 359 Linda ........................................................................................................................... 360 Margaret ...................................................................................................................... 361 Neville ......................................................................................................................... 362 Oliver .......................................................................................................................... 363 Paula ............................................................................................................................ 364 Roy .............................................................................................................................. 365 Susan ........................................................................................................................... 366 Trish ............................................................................................................................ 367 Ursula .......................................................................................................................... 368 Valerie ......................................................................................................................... 369 Wendy ......................................................................................................................... 370 Xavier .......................................................................................................................... 371 Yvonne and Zoe .......................................................................................................... 372 v Appendix 5: Interview schedules ........................................................................................ 373 A5.1 Semi-structured Interview outline: Phase 1 LDW participants ......................... 373 A5.2 Semi-structured Interview outline: Phase 3 Guides ........................................... 375 Appendix 6: Changes in life domains ................................................................................. 377 A6.1. Group A: Extensive, enduring and profound personal change ......................... 377 A6.2. Group B: Limited enduring and profound personal change ............................. 381 A6.3. Group C: No enduring or profound personal change ........................................ 389 Appendix 7: Emergent themes ............................................................................................ 393 A7.1 Before the walk .................................................................................................. 394 A7.2 During the walk .................................................................................................. 398 A7.3 At the end of the walk or after the walk ............................................................. 406 Appendix 8: Identifying themes which differentiate between Groups ................................ 415 A8.1 Before the walk .................................................................................................. 416 A8.2 During the walk .................................................................................................. 423 A8.3 At the end of the walk or after the walk ............................................................. 436 Appendix 9: Narrative structure example .......................................................................... 449 A9.1 Structural analysis of Andrew’s Brigade Hill narrative ................................... 449 vi

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