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Transformations in Technology, Transformations in Work PDF

224 Pages·2016·8.47 MB·English
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Transformations in Technology, Transformations in Work October 2016 Transformations in Technology, Transformations in Work October 2016 Published in October 2016 by JustJobs Network Inc. Acknowledgments: The JustJobs Network would like to thank all its network members and guest authors for their contributions to this volume. We are grateful to German Federal Minister of Labour and Social Afairs, H.E. Andrea Nahles, whose interest in technological change and its impact on labor markets inspired this volume’s theme. JJN Executive Director Sabina Dewan and Deputy Director Gregory Randolph helped conceptualize the volume and led the editorial process, providing valuable intellectual inputs throughout. A special thank you to JJN Fellow Knut Panknin for his contributions in reviewing and launching the volume. Atisha Kumar provided editorial support. Ruchika Joshi and Prachi Agarwal were instrumental in the fnal production. JJN expresses its gratitude to the International Development Research Centre of Canada, which supported the research for Chapter 2, and in particular Edgard Rodriguez for his ongoing collaboration. Finally, JJN acknowledges the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Afairs for its continued support of the organization’s work; this support makes it possible for us to undertake eforts like this volume to help inform the global debate on important subjects, such as the impact of technology on the world of work. Previous signature volumes: Global Wage Debates: Overcoming the Youth Employment Politics or Economics? Crisis: Strategies from Around the World (2015) (2014) ConTenTs Foreword Introduction 01 Chapter 01 On-Demand transport workers in Indonesia 15 Toward understanding the sharing economy in emerging markets Victoria Fanggidae, Muto P. Sagala & Dwi Rahayu Ningrum, Perkumpulan Prakarsa Chapter 02 Are online work platforms creating a frictionless global labor market? 47 Analyzing data from the largest Spanish-speaking freelance portal Hernan Galperin & Catrihel Greppi, Guest Contributors Chapter 03 Digitalization of industrial jobs in Germany 73 Prospects for human-oriented work design Hartmut Hirsch-Kreinsen, Technical University of Dortmund Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Chapter 04 Harnessing digital platforms to mobilize workers in China 87 The experience of workers’ rights centers Eric Gottwald & Kevin Lin, International Labor Rights Forum ConTenTs Chapter 05 Deploying technology to grow micro-enterprises in India 103 Evidence from urban Gujarat Keren Nazareth, Saath Charitable Trust Vishakha Pandit, Saath Savings and Credit Cooperative Ltd. Chapter 06 Technology, skills and wages in South Africa 125 Tackling labor market polarization Aalia Cassim, Guest Contributor Chapter 07 The mixed efects of agricultural technology in Indonesia 141 Balancing productivity, employment and equity Viesda Pithaloka, AKATIGA Center for Social Analysis Chpater 08 Improving agricultural livelihoods through e-vouchers in Zambia 161 Leveraging technology to streamline and strengthen farm subsidies Felix Mwenge & Gibson Masumbu, The Zambia Institute for Policy Analysis and Research Chapter 09 Assessing the social dimension of the digital economy 181 Policy frameworks for quality jobs of tomorrow Sharan Burrow, International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) Anna Byhovskaya, Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD (TUAC) Spotlight: An IMF agenda for balancing efciency and equity 207 Prakash Loungani, Chief, Development Macroeconomics, IMF Research Department Advisory Group Member, JustJobs Network & Senior Fellow, OCP Policy Center ForeWord Few would dispute that technology has, throughout history, altered the nature of work. But today, the pace of technological change and innovation is unprecedented. This raises the question of whether workers, organizations, governments and economies as a whole can adjust quickly enough. In Germany, the Federal Ministry of Labor and Social Afairs has in mid-2014 created a framework for both a public and a high-level expert dialogue on the future of work – “Work 4.0” as we call it. As part of the process we scrutinize the drivers that are changing the world of work, analyze the areas in which policy responses may be required and develop concrete proposals for policy. Topics we discuss are, for example, working time and teleworking regulations, the efects of digitalization on employment and skill requirements as well as the development of the on-demand economy. Our dialogue process will come to a preliminary close with a fnal conference at the end of November, where we will present and discuss the conclusions we have drawn from the dialogue process. Given the magnitude of the digital transformation, the JustJobs Network aptly selected technology and jobs as the theme of its 2016 annual fagship publication. This volume documents how diferent countries, at varying levels of development, are grappling with the advent of new technology and its efects on their labor markets. This timely project coincides with heated debates on the displacement of workers due to automation, the on-demand economy and innovation in many countries. In the face of the current changes, we cannot preserve the world of work as it is, and in some respects it would be even counterproductive if we tried. But I am sure that if we manage transformation processes well and adapt our institutions accordingly, we can minimize the negative impacts and harness the potential for new and better jobs that the digital transformation ofers. Andrea Nahles Minister of Labor and Social Afairs Federal Republic of Germany NI NOITCUDORT Sabina Dewan and Gregory Randolph, JustJobs Network JustJobs Network www.justjobsnetwork.org 1 2 Transformations in Technology, Transformations in Work NI NOITCUDORT Sabina Dewan and Gregory Randolph,uJ stoJ bseN twork rF o m tS na el y uK brkci s’ 8691 ml� :102“ A ecapS nalp et. It si sla o s lamom beli ohp nes na dtba el ts sOyd se ty ” o Mra ts y yl M Fc ’ temi nihcam e ni kcaB“ ttah ra e nahc gni g ni terep rson laoc um ntaci oi n , tot eh uF turet ” , eh rp osep cto uf a f tureod nim ta e d gnivi gr eom teraf em rseca sst ow eta eh rof resac ts , b y tenhc ool g y sah tpac ure d gami ni ta oi ns of r enba nil gemyap ntsb etweengim rna tw orkersna d ed edac s. uB t teh temi teh ri eilimaf s. It si a gid ti la teh se sml� rp ojecte d sah Technology is upending trna sof rtam oi n sup rre d b y now ra revi ;d navda ec d r yldipa ni rc esa ni g eca ss traditional employment tenhc ool g y si not a tnih g to teh ni ternet , w hcih o f teh uf ture. It si a caft o f models, afecting both nac ni stna t yl kam e sav t to.yad nA d welih siv oi ns the nature of jobs and oma unts o f tad a balia v a el o f niy� g rac s b y 5102 y am employment rates. ta ones’ n� gertspi . uB t ti si evah been raf ef- tehc , d s12 t sla or obotsna nihcam d er – y ec ntur y tenhc ool gei s ra e trna sof rnim g our evil s rp esic ena rp d oud ctevi r – enicalp gw orkersrca oss na dwork ni wsya ttah wou dlevah been uc�id tl evid a rsti o y o f uc tap oi nss( eeF igure 1.) togami ni ej ustt woo rt rh eeed edac sga o. oH w tenhc ool g laci ni notav oi ns w li unof ,dl oh w rF o m teh Inud str lai Reov ul toi n begni nni g ni teh teh y w li sepah na d resepah teh nta ure o fwork s071 to teh evda nt o fteh ni ternet ni teh s091 , na d oc nseuq ent yl ep oelp s’ evil s , si utl tami e yl tenhc ool g y sah dah sweenip g ee� cts rca oss teh uc�id tl t orp ecidt. gol be of r ec nturei s. uB t to , yad sa fi on sterosdi , new tenhc ool gei s –nam yenba el db y teh gid ti la tahW we nac od si uned rstna d teh capmit o f reov ul toi n – ra e navda nic g ta na unrp eec ed nte d tenhc ool g y on ep oelp s’ workni g evil s to.yad ecap na s d elac . eT nhc ool g y si uep nnid g trtida oi n la eolpm emy nt om ed sl , e�a ctni g bot h teh nta ure o f jobs na d eT nhc ool g ysi e T s alna decapS X –bgi ,ni notav evi eolpm emy ntr ta est , oh ugt h eh e e� cto nt eh tal ter na d siv oi nra y – oe� rni g op sti evi op ssbi tili ei s o f si ep rspah el ss rp onounec dta na ga gregta e el ev l byh r di rac s or eev n trna sop rtta oi n to na oteh r tnah nam gami y ni e. JustJobs Network www.justjobsnetwork.org 3 Based on case studies from around the world, technological transformation and jobs. Five key this volume by the JustJobs Network sketches themes emerge from this research. the complex and evolving relationship between iF ev key themes of this ov lmu e 1. The discourse on technology highlights the Chapter 7, for instance, examines an Indonesian trade-of between efciency and equity, and government program to boost agricultural policy frameworks must strike a balance between productivity through technology. It fnds that the two. the impact of a combine harvester in Indonesian agriculture hinges on where On the one hand, and how the machine is technology enhances The relationship between introduced. In parts of the productivity and efciency, technology, productivity, country where the vast but on the other, it can and the quantity and quality majority of workers rely on lead to labor substitution of jobs is dynamic and agriculture, the technology and increasing inequality. destroyed harvest time This is at the heart of global context-specifc. work for people without debates on technology’s impact on jobs. While some argue that 21st century other viable employment options. It also upended a traditional model of technologies are rendering workers redundant far wealth redistribution through labor-intensive faster than they are generating new employment, harvesting, exacerbating local inequalities. others contend that the aggregate gains in productivity brought on by technology will The nature of technological change today also enable more job creation in the long run. As this tends to produce skill and wage polarization volume demonstrates, the relationship between in labor markets. On one end of the spectrum, technology, productivity, and the quantity and digitalized companies and sectors demand quality of jobs is dynamic and context-specifc. highly-skilled workers to operate their advanced technologies and perform high-value-added 4 Transformations in Technology, Transformations in Work

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