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Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa PDF

396 Pages·2000·15.313 MB·English
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Transformations in Slavery A History of Slavery in Africa, Second Edition Paul E. Lovejoy L°iH±. ovo c2 Transformations in Slavery This history of slavery in Africa from the fifteenth to the early twentieth century examines how indigenous African slavery developed within an inter¬ national context. Professor Lovejoy discusses the medieval Islamic slave trade and the Atlantic trade as well as the process of enslavement and the marketing of slaves. He considers the impact of European abolition and assesses slavery’s role in African history. The book corrects the accepted interpretation that African slavery was mild and resulted in the slaves’ assimilation. Instead, slaves were used extensively in production, although the exploitation methods and the relationships to world markets differed from those in the Americas. Nevertheless, slavery in Africa, like slavery in the Americas, developed from its position on the periphery of capitalist Europe. The new edition revises all statistical material on the slave trade demogra¬ phy and incorporates recent research with an updated bibliography. PAUL E. LOVEJOY received his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin in 1973 and has been chair of the Department of History, York University; Asso¬ ciate Vice-President (Research), York University; and Vice President of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. He is currently Distinguished Research Professor of History at York University as well as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and he serves on the International Scientific Committee of the UNESCO Slave Route Project. He has edited or authored 14 books and more than 50 articles and chapters in books on African history and slavery. i *- African Studies Series Editorial Board Professor Naomi Chazan, The Harry S. Truman Research Institute for the Advance¬ ment of Peace, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Professor Christopher Clapham, Department of Politics and International Relations, Lancaster University Professor Peter Ekeh, Department of African American Studies, State University of New York, Buffalo Dr. John Lonsdale, Trinity College, Cambridge Professor Patrick Manning, Department of History, Northeastern University, Boston Published in collaboration with THE AFRICAN STUDIES CENTRE, CAMBRIDGE OTHER BOOKS IN THE SERIES 3 Land Policy in Buganda Henry W. West 4 The Nigerian Military: A Sociological Analysis of Authority and Revolt 1960-67 Robin Luckham 5 The Ghanaian Factory Worker: Industrial Man in Africa Margaret Peil 6 Labour in the South African Gold Mines, 1911-1969 Francis Wilson 7 The Price of Liberty: Personality and Politics in Colonial Nigeria Kenneth W. J. Post and George D. Jenkins 9 Dependence and Opportunity: Political Change in Ahafo John Dunn and A. F. 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Smaldone 20 Liberia and Sierra Leone: An Essay in Comparative Politics Christopher Clapham 21 Adam Kok’s Griquas: A Study in the Development of Stratification in South Africa Robert Ross 23 West African States: Failure and Promise: A Study in Comparative Politics John Dunn (ed.) 24 Afrikaners of the Kalahari: White Minority in a Black State Margo and Martin Russell 25 A Modem History of Tanganyika John Iliffe 26 A History of African Christianity 1950-1975 Adrian Hastings (continuedfirst page after index) ‘ Transformations in Slavery A History of Slavery in Africa, Second Edition Paul E. Lovejoy Distinguished Research Professor, Department of History, York University, Canada Cambridge UNIVERSITY PRESS PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK http://www.cup.cam.ac.uk 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA http://www.cup.org 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain © Cambridge University Press 1983 © Paul E. Lovejoy 2000 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1983 Reprinted 1988, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997 Second edition 2000 Printed in the United States of America Typeface Times Roman 10/12 pt. System QuarkXPress [TW] A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Lovejoy, Paul E. Transformations in slavery : a history of slavery in Africa/Paul E. Lovejoy-2nd ed. p. cm.-(African studies ; 36) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-521-78012-8-ISBN 0-521-78430-1 (pbk.) 1. Slavery—Africa—History. 2. Slave trade—Africa—History. I. Title. II. African studies (Cambridge, England); 36 HT1321 .L68 2000 306.3'62'096—dc21 99-59862 ISBN 0 521 78012 8 hardback ISBN 0 521 78430 1 paperback Contents List of Maps and Tables page xi Note on Currencies, Weights, and Measures xiii Preface xv Preface to the Second Edition xix 1 Africa and Slavery 1 Slavery: A Definition 1 Slavery in Social Formations 9 The African Setting 12 The Islamic Factor 15 The Trans-Atlantic Trade 18 2 On the Frontiers of Islam, 1400-1600 24 The Medieval Slave Trade: The African Frontier 24 The Institution of Slavery in Muslim Africa 29 Origins of the Atlantic Trade: The Muslim Connection 36 Slavery Along the Guinea Coast 41 3 The Export Trade in Slaves, 1600-1800 46 Volume of the Export Trade, 1600-1800 46 The Dominance of West-Central Africa 53 The Bight of Benin, 1640-1800 55 The Gold Coast 57 The Bight of Biafra 59 The Upper Guinea Coast and Senegambia 60 The Volume of the Trade Across the Sahara, Red Sea, and Indian Ocean 61 Demographic Implications of the Export Trade 62 4 The Enslavement of Africans, 1600-1800 68 A Politically Fragmented Continent 68 The Muslim Tradition of War and State * 70 vii viii Contents War-Lords of West-Central Africa 76 Politics of Slave Trading on the West African Coast 80 The Dynamics of Slave Supply 86 5 The Organization of Slave Marketing, 1600-1800 91 Muslim Networks 91 Administered Trade in West-Central Africa 95 Coastal West Africa: State Trade, River-Boats, and Oracles 98 Patterns in Restrictive Practices 104 Slaves and Other Commodities 105 The Import Trade 106 6 Relationships of Dependency, 1600-1800 112 The Expansion of Slavery 112 The Northern Savanna 115 The West African Coast and Its Interior 120 Slavery in West-Central Africa 127 European Slavery in Africa 133 7 The Nineteenth-Century Slave Trade 140 The Dynamics of Slavery in the Nineteenth Century 140 The Trans-Atlantic Trade: The Last Surge 145 The Volume of the Non-Slave Trade 151 The Trans-Saharan and Red Sea Trade 152 The East African Trade 155 The Internal Trade 15 8 8 Slavery and ‘Legitimate Trade’ on the West African Coast 165 Slavery and ‘Legitimate Trade’ 165 The Western Coast and Asante 167 Dahomey and the Yoruba States 176 The Bight of Biafra 182 9 Slavery in the Savanna During the Era of the Jihads 191 The Size of the Slave Population in the Savanna 191 The Western Sudan 194 The Central Sudan 201 The Region East of Lake Chad 208 The Organization of the Plantation Sector 212 Slavery in the Sahel 216 Assimilation of Slaves 220 Slavery on the Periphery 224

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