EEddiitthh CCoowwaann UUnniivveerrssiittyy RReesseeaarrcchh OOnnlliinnee Theses: Doctorates and Masters Theses 2006 TTrraannssffoorrmmaattiioonn tthheeoorryy aanndd ee--ccoommmmeerrccee aaddooppttiioonn Mark P. Brogan Edith Cowan University Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses Part of the Business Commons RReeccoommmmeennddeedd CCiittaattiioonn Brogan, M. P. (2006). Transformation theory and e-commerce adoption. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/51 This Thesis is posted at Research Online. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/51 TRANSFORMATION THEORY AND E‐COMMERCE ADOPTION Mark Brogan BA, MA (Public Policy) (Science and Technology Policy) (Murdoch University) 23 February, 2006 Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, Information Science Edith Cowan University Faculty of Computing, Health and Science (ECU) Use of Thesis This copy is the property of Edith Cowan University. However, the literary rights of the author must also be respected. If any passage from this thesis is quoted or closely paraphrased in a paper or written work prepared by the user, the source of the passage must be acknowledged in the work. If the user desires to publish a paper or written work containing passages copied or closely paraphrased from this thesis, which passages would in total constitute an infringing copy for the purposes of the Copyright Act, he or she must first obtain the written permission of the author to do so. i Statement of Confidential Information In the compilation of this thesis, the candidate was granted access to confidential financial data gathered from participating firms subject to the following research protocol: No name identified data is to be published as a consequence of this project. Data gathered will be kept in secure storage for a maximum of five years then destroyed. No third party access to data is to be permitted, without the consent of participants. Signed: Date: ____________________ ii Abstract This thesis investigates business transformation on the Internet; particularly the nature and significance of Cyber transformation theory and the Marketspace Model as a framework for E‐commerce adoption. E‐commerce can raise a firm’s productivity, transform customer relationships and open up new markets. The extent to which nations become adopters of E‐commerce is set to become a source of comparative national competitive advantage (or disadvantage) in the twenty first century. In a triangulatory research design, the study assesses Cyber transformation theory, firstly, by investigating association between Cyber transformation outcomes and E‐commerce value creation outcomes in a sample of firms involved in E‐retailing, and secondly, through a Cyber transformation quasi‐experiment involving a group of firms. Further, the study investigates the nature and importance of various Critical Success Factors (CSFs) in E‐commerce adoption, including early adopter advantage, product fit, usability, discovery, interaction, simulation and vividness. All firms in the study are drawn from the Australian Ecotourism industry. The Cyber transformation quasi‐experimental component of the study consists of an advanced transformation portal, constructed as a Co‐operative Commerce (C‐commerce) Web site. Firms participating in the portal study were provided with access to a mobile data integration capability forming the basis of an online resource and competitive advantage in destination marketing. Adoption outcomes were not sufficient for inferential statistical analysis, but permitted the exploration CSFs in Small‐to‐Medium Sized Tourism Enterprize (SMTE) C‐commerce adoption in a case study approach. iii Important findings from the survey component of the study encompass the finding that, within this industry/sector, a significant association exists between Cyber transformation and E‐commerce value creation. Thus, the study contributes to knowledge by providing important evidence of the value of Cyber transformation theory and its logical place in the Resource Based Value (RBV) literature on E‐commerce adoption. However, data analysis showed that the phenomenon was mainly attributable to Strategic Business transformation, and that both Technological Capability transformation and Usability did not significantly contribute to the observed effect. Further, using regression analysis, the study found that strategy was the best predictor of E‐commerce value creation outcomes compared with other factors. The study further contributes to knowledge by demonstrating how Social Network Analysis (SNA) methods can be used to analyze E‐commerce knowledge and information flows that impact on clustering and Cyber transformation type innovation in a C‐commerce setting. The application of such sociological methods to the quest for understanding of SME C‐commerce represents a new and promising pathway in research that deals with the problem of how embedded network structure impacts on clustering and the diffusion process. On the basis of a systematic investigation of sociometric data describing network interaction in the portal quasi‐experimental group, the study suggests heuristics which, subject to further study aimed at validation, might be used by change agents pursuing SMTE or Small‐to‐Medium Sized Enterprize (SME) clustering around innovative Cyber transformation solutions that confer resource advantage. The study concludes with the suggestion of a Network Analysis Framework for C‐commerce grounded in analysis of the portal quasi‐experiment and wider research literature on SNA, diffusion of innovation and C‐commerce adoption. The proposed framework combines Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory, SNA, knowledge iv management and C‐commerce theory with heuristic methods for change management in networks. The proposed framework is suggested for use by change managers in the project planning and feasibility evaluation stages of the C‐commerce project life cycle. v Declaration I certify that this thesis does not, to the best of my knowledge and belief: 1. incorporate without acknowledgment any material previously submitted for a degree or diploma in any institution in higher education; 2. contain any material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the text; and 3. contain any defamatory material. I also grant permission for the Library at Edith Cowan University to make duplicate copies of my thesis as required. Signed: _ Date: ____________________ vi Acknowledgements Many people assisted me in making this journey. Firstly, I thank my ECU supervisors, Associate Professor William Hutchinson (Principal), Dr Thomas O’Neill (Associate) and Dr Gulten Wagner (now retired). I thank them for their support, encouragement and guidance throughout the preparation, implementation and completion of this research. In the context of academic contributions, I thank Dr Pender Pedler (ECU), Dr Danielle Brady (ECU) and Mr Dean Diepeveen who advised me on the methods and techniques of empirical analysis that underpins much of the data analysis. A significant debt is owed to the owner/operators of the small to medium sized businesses that furnished the sample on which the empirical research at the heart of this thesis is based. From Cape Tribulation to Kangaroo Island, Exmouth to Bruny Island and beyond, the enthusiasm and goodwill shown for this research was fantastic. Likewise, a significant debt is owed to the portal quasi‐experiment group located at Cape Range Ningaloo. I also thank my colleague, Mr Gurpreet Kohli, who participated in field trips undertaken under the auspices of the E‐commerce Innovation in Ecotourism project, assisted with data analysis and ran the Cape Range server that provided the experimental component of the study. Lastly, I thank my wife Pam, son Alex and daughter Emily, whose patience and faith that the work would be completed sustained me. Mark Brogan 23 February, 2006 vii Related Refereed Publications Discussion of interim findings and methods used in the study can be found in the following peer reviewed publications: Brogan, M.1 and Kohli, G.2 (2003). Case Study in construction of a Vertical Portal: The Cape Range Ningaloo Project. Proceedings of the Virtual Communities Conference, London, 16‐17 June. Infonortics (Eds.). Retrieved 14 July, 2003 from http://www.infonortics.com/vc/vc03/slides/brogan‐txt.pdf. Brogan, M. (2004). Cyber Transformation Theory: An E‐Retailing Study from Tourism. Proceedings of the 5th Annual We‐B Conference, 25‐26 November, 2004 (pp.339‐348). Perth: Edith Cowan University. School of Management Information Systems. Brogan, M. (2005). Network Analysis Methods and Tools for SME C‐ commerce. Proceedings of the 6th Annual We‐B Conference, 23‐25 November, 2005 (pp.222‐232). Melbourne: Victoria University. School of Information Systems. Brogan, M.3 and Armstrong, A. (2005). C‐commerce innovation: Unraveling the Effects of Knowledge ties on Embedded Network Structure. Proceedings of KMAP2005: International Conference on Knowledge Management in Asia and the Pacific. 28‐29 November, 2005 (pp.1‐12). Wellington, NZ: Victoria University of Wellington. 1 Principal author. 2 Systems Engineer. 3 Principal author. viii
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