transformation of the ottoman built environment

161 Pages·2011·5.66 MB·English

TRANSFORMATION OF THE OTTOMAN BUILT ENVIRONMENT
IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY IN ANATOLIA: THE CASE OF TOKAT

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO
THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
OF
MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

BY

AYġEGÜL KARDAġ

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR
THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS
IN THE DEPARTMENT OF
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

AUGUST 2011

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Approval of the Graduate School of Sciences

Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık
Director

I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of
Master of Arts.

Assoc. Prof. Dr. A. Güven Sargın
Head of Department

This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully
adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts.

Prof. Dr.Ali Uzay Peker Assoc. Prof. Dr.T. Elvan Altan Ergut
Co- Supervisor Supervisor

Examining Committee Members

Asst. Prof. Dr. G. Namık Erkal (METU, AH)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. T. Elvan Altan Ergut (METU, AH)
Prof. Dr. Ali Uzay Peker (METU, AH)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa S. Akpolat (HU, AH)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Neşe Gurallar (GU, ARCH)
I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and
presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare
that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all
material and results that are not original to this work.

Name, Last Name : AyĢegül KARDAġ

Signature :

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ABSTRACT

TRANSFORMATION OF THE OTTOMAN BUILT ENVIRONMENT
IN NINETEENTH CENTURY IN ANATOLIA: THE CASE OF TOKAT

KardaĢ, AyĢegül
M.A., Department of History of Architecture
Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. T. Elvan Altan Ergut
Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ali Uzay Peker

August 2011, 145 pages

In this study the Ottoman built environmet in the last period of the nineteenth century
Anatolian city is examined. The study aims to explain the construction of new buildings
as well as the transformation of earlier types during the process of contemporary
modernization and centralization in the Empire. The main frame of the study is formed
of the public and the private spaces that formed the urban built environment, and the
transformation of these spaces. The city of Tokat has been chosen as the area of study,
which still conserves built structures of the Ottoman as well as the earlier periods that
are typical of an Anatolian city of the nineteenth century. Examining the transformation
of public buildings and residential architecture in this city, this study emphasizes
differences in degress of changes in public and private spaces, and the relation of such
transformation with the central authority.

Keywords: Nineteenth century, built environment, Ottoman architecture, Anatolian city,
Tokat.

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ÖZ

ONDOKUZUNCU YÜZYILDA ANADOLU’DA OSMANLI DÖNEMĠ
YAPISAL ÇEVRESĠNĠN DÖNÜġÜMÜ : TOKAT ÖRNEĞĠ

KardaĢ, AyĢegül
Yüksek Lisans, Mimarlık Tarihi Bölümü
Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. T. Elvan Altan Ergut
Ortak Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Ali Uzay Peker

Ağustos 2011, 145 sayfa

Bu çalıĢmada ondokuzuncu yüzyılda Anadolu’da bir Osmanlı kentinin yapılı çevresi
incelemektedir. Ġmparatorluğun bu dönemde gerçekleĢtirdiği modernleĢme ve
merkezileĢme sürecinde yeni yapıların inĢası ve varolan yapı tiplerinin dönüĢümü
anlatılmaya çalıĢılmaktadır. Kentin yapılı çevresini oluĢturan kamusal ve özel mekanlar
ve bu mekanların dönüĢümü çalıĢmanın ana çerçevesini oluĢturmaktadır. ÇalıĢma alanı
olarak, bugün hala Osmanlı ve öncesindeki dönemlere ait yapıların korunmuĢ olduğu
tipik bir ondokuzuncu yüzyıl Anadolu kenti örneği olan Tokat Ģehri seçilmiĢtir. Bu
kentteki kamusal yapıların ve konut mimarlığının dönüĢümü incelenerek, kamusal ve
özel mekanlarda bu değiĢimin derecesinde görülen farklılığı ve bu dönüĢümün merkezi
otoriteyle iliĢkisi vurgulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Ondokuzuncu Yüzyıl, yapılı çevre, Osmanlı mimarlığı, Anadolu
kenti, Tokat.

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To My Family

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First of all I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my Supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. T.
Elvan Altan Ergut for her guidance, advice, criticsm, encouragements and insight
throughout the research. I owe special thanks to my co- Supervisor Prof. Dr. Ali Uzay
Peker for his supervision and believing in me and for his support through out the whole
process of the study.

I would also like to thank Asst. Prof. Dr. G. Namık Erkal, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa S.
Akpolat, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Neşe Gurallar, the committee members, for their constructive
suggestions and innovative criticisms.

Finally I would like to extend my dearest thanks to my family, my husband, my father,
my mother, and my son for all their love and support throughout this study.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PLAGIARISM ................................................................................................................ iii
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... iv
ÖZ .....................................................................................................................................v
DEDICATION .................................................................................................................vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................vii
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... x
LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1
2. THE CITY OF TOKAT ....................................................................................... 5
2.1. Ottoman Empire in the Nineteenth Century .................................................. 5
2.2. Social Structure ............................................................................................. 9
2.2.1. People of Tokat .................................................................................. 9
2.2.2. Tradition and Daily Life ................................................................... 11
2.3. Spatial Formation ........................................................................................ 15
3. PUBLIC BUILDINGS........................................................................................ 23
3.1. Trade Center ................................................................................................ 25
3.1.1. Traditional Means of Living ............................................................. 25
3.1.2. Changes in Trade and Its Spaces in the Nineteenth Century ........... 30
3.2. Administrative Center ................................................................................. 34
3.2.1. Traditional System of Administration .............................................. 34
3.2.2. Changes in Administration and Its Spaces ın the Nıneteenth Century
........................................................................................................... 38
viii
3.3. Religious Buildings ..................................................................................... 44
3.4. Schools, Hospitals and Other Public Buildings ........................................... 48
3.5. Concluding Remarks ................................................................................... 53
4. RESIDENTIAL ARCHITECTURE ................................................................... 56
4.1. Habitation in the Ottoman Empire .............................................................. 57
4.1.1. General Features of the Ottoman House .......................................... 60
4.1.2. Tokat Houses .................................................................................... 67
4.2. The Evolution of the Nineteenth Century Houses ....................................... 72
4.2.1. Nineteenth Century Houses of Tokat ............................................... 80
4.2.2. The Case of the Soğukpınar District ................................................ 84
4.3. Concluding Remarks ................................................................................... 89
5. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 91
REFER(cid:40)NCES ......................................................................................................... 94
TABLES.................................................................................................................. 103
FIGURES ............................................................................................................... 106

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLES
Table 1 Housing Stock and Population of Tokat City Center ……………..…… 103
Table 2 Evaluation Chart for Soğukpınar Houses ................................................ 104
Table 3 Forty Important Hıstorıcal Buıldıngs ın Tokat ......................................... 105

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