Table Of Content

(cid:21)(cid:5)(cid:7)(cid:2)(cid:18)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:4)(cid:2)(cid:10) (cid:4)(cid:3) (cid:22)(cid:2)(cid:4)(cid:23)(cid:17)(cid:13)(cid:24)(cid:20)(cid:13)(cid:25) (cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:4)(cid:2)(cid:10) (cid:7)(cid:2)(cid:24)(cid:10) (cid:26)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:7)(cid:27) (cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:13)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:28)(cid:10)(cid:7)(cid:2)(cid:24)(cid:10)(cid:29)(cid:30)(cid:30)(cid:17)(cid:9)(cid:12)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:4)(cid:2)(cid:18) Patrick van Bommel University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands (cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:4)(cid:2)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:12)(cid:9)(cid:13)(cid:2)(cid:12)(cid:13)(cid:10)(cid:14)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:9)(cid:18)(cid:19)(cid:9)(cid:2)(cid:20) Hershey • London (cid:127) Melbourne (cid:127) Singapore Acquisition Editor: Mehdi Khosrow-Pour Senior Managing Editor: Jan Travers Managing Editor: Amanda Appicello Development Editor: Michele Rossi Copy Editor: Alana Bubnis Typesetter: Jennifer Wetzel Cover Design: Mindy Grubb Printed at: Yurchak Printing Inc. Published in the United States of America by Information Science Publishing (an imprint of Idea Group Inc.) 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200 Hershey PA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.idea-group.com and in the United Kingdom by Information Science Publishing (an imprint of Idea Group Inc.) 3 Henrietta Street Covent Garden London WC2E 8LU Tel: 44 20 7240 0856 Fax: 44 20 7379 3313 Web site: http://www.eurospan.co.uk Copyright © 2005 by Idea Group Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Transformation of knowledge, information and data : theory and applications / Patrick van Bommel, editor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-59140-527-0 (h/c) — ISBN 1-59140-528-9 (s/c) — ISBN 1-59140-529-7 (eisbn) 1. Database management. 2. Transformations (Mathematics) I. Bommel, Patrick van, 1964- QA76.9.D3T693 2004 005.74—dc22 2004017926 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library. All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher. (cid:21)(cid:5)(cid:7)(cid:2)(cid:18)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:4)(cid:2)(cid:10) (cid:4)(cid:3) (cid:22)(cid:2)(cid:4)(cid:23)(cid:17)(cid:13)(cid:24)(cid:20)(cid:13)(cid:25)(cid:10) (cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:4)(cid:2) (cid:7)(cid:2)(cid:24)(cid:10) (cid:26)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:7)(cid:27) (cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:13)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:28)(cid:10)(cid:7)(cid:2)(cid:24)(cid:10)(cid:29)(cid:30)(cid:30)(cid:17)(cid:9)(cid:12)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:4)(cid:2)(cid:18) (cid:21)(cid:7)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:13)(cid:10)(cid:4)(cid:3)(cid:10)(cid:31)(cid:4)(cid:2)(cid:8)(cid:13)(cid:2)(cid:8)(cid:18) Preface.............................................................................................................vi Section I: Fundamentals of Transformations Chapter I Transformation-Based Database Engineering...........................................1 Jean-Luc Hainaut, University of Namur, Belgium Chapter II Rule-Based Transformation of Graphs and the Product Type ..............29 Renate Klempien-Hinrichs, University of Bremen, Germany Hans-Jörg Kreowski, University of Bremen, Germany Sabine Kuske, University of Bremen, Germany Chapter III From Conceptual Database Schemas to Logical Database Tuning ......52 Jean-Marc Petit, Université Clermont-Ferrand 2, France Mohand-Saïd Hacid, Université Lyon 1, France Chapter IV Transformation Based XML Query Optimization...................................75 Dunren Che, Southern Illinois University, USA Chapter V Specifying Coherent Refactoring of Software Artefacts with Distributed Graph Transformations...........................................................95 Paolo Bottoni, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Italy Francesco Parisi-Presicce, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Italy and George Mason University, USA Gabriele Taentzer, Technical University of Berlin, Germany Section II: Elaboration of Transformation Approaches Chapter VI Declarative Transformation for Object-Oriented Models.................. 127 Keith Duddy, CRC for Enterprise Distributed Systems Technology (DSTC), Queensland, Australia Anna Gerber, CRC for Enterprise Distributed Systems Technology (DSTC), Queensland, Australia Michael Lawley, CRC for Enterprise Distributed Systems Technology (DSTC), Queensland, Australia Kerry Raymond, CRC for Enterprise Distributed Systems Technology (DSTC), Queensland, Australia Jim Steel, CRC for Enterprise Distributed Systems Technology (DSTC), Queensland, Australia Chapter VII From Conceptual Models to Data Models............................................ 148 Antonio Badia, University of Louisville, USA Chapter VIII An Algorithm for Transforming XML Documents Schema into Relational Database Schema.................................................................... 171 Abad Shah, University of Engineering & Technology (UET), Pakistan Jacob Adeniyi, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia Tariq Al Tuwairqi, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia Chapter IX Imprecise and Uncertain Engineering Information Modeling in Databases: Models and Formal Transformations ................................ 190 Z. M. Ma, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada Section III: Additional Topics Chapter X Analysing Transformations in Performance Management.................. 217 Bernd Wondergem, LogicaCMG Consulting, The Netherlands Norbert Vincent, LogicaCMG Consulting, The Netherlands Chapter XI Multimedia Conversion with the Focus on Continuous Media ......... 235 Maciej Suchomski, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany Andreas Märcz, Dresden, Germany Klaus Meyer-Wegener, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany Chapter XII Coherence in Data Schema Transformations: The Notion of Semantic Change Patterns ........................................................................................ 257 Lex Wedemeijer, ABP Pensioenen, The Netherlands Chapter XIII Model Transformations in Designing the ASSO Methodology ......... 283 Elvira Locuratolo, ISTI, Italy About the Authors..................................................................................... 303 Index............................................................................................................ 311 vi (cid:14)(cid:5)(cid:13)(cid:3)(cid:7)(cid:12)(cid:13) Background Data today is in motion, going from one location to another. It is more and more moving between systems, system components, persons, departments, and organizations. This is essential, as it indicates that data is actually used, rather than just stored. In order to emphasize the actual use of data, we may also speak of information or knowledge. When data is in motion, there is not only a change of place or position. Other aspects are changing as well. Consider the following examples: (cid:127) The data format may change when it is transferred between systems. This includes changes in data structure, data model, data schema, data types, etc. (cid:127) Also, the interpretation of data may vary when it is passed on from one person to another. Changes in interpretation are part of data semantics rather than data structure. (cid:127) The level of detail may change in the exchange of data between departments or organizations, e.g., going from co-workers to managers or from local authorities to the central government. In this context, we often see changes in level of detail by the application of abstraction, aggregation, generalization, and specialization. (cid:127) Moreover, the systems development phase of data models may vary. This is particularly the case when implementation-independent data models are mapped to implementation-oriented models (e.g., semantic data models are mapped to operational database specifications). These examples illustrate just a few possibilities of changes in data. Numerous other applications exist and everybody uses them all the time. Most applications are of vital importance for the intelligent functioning of systems, persons, departments, and organizations. vii In this book, the fundamental treatment of moving knowledge, information, or data, with changing format, interpretation, level of detail, development phase, etc., is based on the concept of transformation. The generally accepted terms conversion, mutation, modification, evolution, or revision may be used in specific contexts, but the central concept is transformation. Note that this definition covers well-known topics such as rewriting and versioning, and that it is relevant for collaborative information systems and data warehouses. Although data transformation is typically applied in a networked context (e.g., Internet or intranet), it is applied in other contexts as well. Framework Transformation techniques received a lot of attention in academic as well as in industrial settings. Most of these techniques have one or more of the following problems: (cid:127) Loss of data: the result of the transformation does not adequately describe the original data. (cid:127) Incomprehensibility: the effect of the transformation is not clear. (cid:127) Focus on instances: data instances are transformed, without incorporation of data types. (cid:127) Focus on types: data types are transformed, without incorporation of data instances. (cid:127) Correctness: the transformation has no provable correctness. We therefore aim at generic approaches for the treatment of data transformations. Some of the questions we deal with are the following: What is an ad- equate data transformation technique? What are the requirements for the input and output of those techniques? What are the problems in existing approaches? What are the possibilities of a generic approach in important areas such as the semantic web, supply chain management, the global information community, and information security? The theory and applications in this book are rooted in database schema transformation, as well as in database contents transformation. This allows for other transformations, including transformation of document type definitions (DTDs) and of concrete documents. It is obvious that graph transformations are relevant here. Note that we do not particularly focus on specific kinds of data or documents (e.g., RDBMS, HTML or XML), although the models under consid- eration do not exclude such a focus. viii From Source to Target Here we discuss general aspects of the move from source to target. They deal with the basic assumptions underlying all transformation processes. (cid:127) Source. This is the structure to be transformed, or in other words, it is the input to the transformation process. An important distinction is made between formal and informal sources. If the source is informal, the transformation process cannot be fully automated. We usually then have a partly automated transformation aiming at support, with sufficient possibilities for interaction. As an example, a modeling process often is the mapping of an informal view to a formal model. In this book, the input and output of most transformations are assumed to be available in some formal lan- guage. • Target. This is the resulting structure, so it is the output of the transformation process. A main question here is how the relation between the target and the source is defined. Even when the transformation process has been completed, it is important that the relation of the target with the source remains clear. One way of establishing such a clear relation, is to have the target defined in terms of the source. This is also helpful in providing correctness proofs. (cid:127) Applicability. In some cases, transformations are not really general in the sense that the possible source and target are rather restricted. If, for example, a theoretical model of transformations only allows for exotic tar- gets, not being used in practical situations, the theoretical model suffers from applicability problems. (cid:127) Structure vs. access operations. Besides the transformation of structures, we must provide mechanisms for the transformation of access operations. These operations may be modification operations as well as re- trieval operations. Consequently, we have a source structure with corre- sponding access operations, and a target structure with equivalent operations. This situation is shown in Figure 1. The transformation kernel con- tains all metadata relevant for the transformation. Correctness Evidently, the correctness of transformations is of vital importance. What pur- pose would transformations have, if the nature of the result is uncertain? A general setup for guaranteeing transformation correctness consists of three steps. ix Figure 1. Framework for transformation of structures and operations source structure transformation target structure structure tr ansformation kernel source target operations operations operation transformation (cid:127) Wellformedness conditions. First, we describe the required properties of the target explicitly. We prefer to have basic (independent) wellformedness conditions here, as this facilitates the systematic treatment in the next steps. (cid:127) Transformation algorithm. Next, we describe the construction of the target on the basis of the source at hand. This construction process is defined in the transformation algorithm, which may be enhanced using guidance parameters. Guidance is interpreted as the development towards target structures having certain desirable qualities. (cid:127) Correctness proof. Finally, we prove that the result of the algorithm satisfies the wellformedness conditions. As a consequence, the resulting structure is correct in the sense that all wellformedness conditions are satis- fied. Moreover, when specific guidance parameters are used, we have to prove that the resulting structure not only satisfies all wellformedness conditions, but has the desirable qualities (indicated by guidance parameters) as well. Sequences of Transformations Transformations may be composed or applied in sequences. Such sequences sometimes consist of a relatively small number of steps. In more complex prob- lem areas, however, this is no longer possible. Then, transformation sequences will be longer and due to the various options in each transformation step, the outcome of the overall sequence is not a priori known. This is particularly the case when non-deterministic (e.g., random or probabilistic) transformation processes are considered.