TRANSFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT PDF
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Anja Mihr Editor Transformation and Development Studies in the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) Member States Transformation and Development Anja Mihr Editor Transformation and Development Studies in the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) Member States Editor AnjaMihr OSCE Academy Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan ISBN978-3-030-42774-0 ISBN978-3-030-42775-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42775-7 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s)2020.Thisbookisanopenaccesspublication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adap- tation,distributionandreproductioninanymediumorformat,aslongasyougiveappropriatecreditto the originalauthor(s)and the source, providealink tothe CreativeCommonslicense andindicate if changesweremade. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license,unlessindicatedotherwiseinacreditlinetothematerial.Ifmaterialisnotincludedinthebook’s CreativeCommonslicenseandyourintendeduseisnotpermittedbystatutoryregulationorexceedsthe permitteduse,youwillneedtoobtainpermissiondirectlyfromthecopyrightholder. Theuse ofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc. inthis publi- cationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromthe relevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregard tojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Contents 1 Introduction to the First Edition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Anja Mihr and Alexander Wolters Part I Transformation and Development 2 Values and Transformation in Central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Christian W. Haerpfer and Kseniya Kizilova 3 Civil Society as a Phenomenon of Post-Soviet Political Life: A Threat or a Guarantor of National Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Ashot Aleksanyan 4 Security Risk Analysis Perspectives on Central Asia Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Mihail Păduraru and Claudia-Iohana Voicu 5 China’s Development Objectives and Its Belt and Road Initiative in the OSCE Region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Davron Ishnazarov 6 OSCE and Civil Society in the Western Balkans: The Road to Reconciliation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Raffaele Mastrorocco 7 Central Asia in Transition: Social Contract Transformation in Nazarbayev and Post-Nazarbayev Kazakhstan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Nygmet Ibadildin and Dinara Pisareva 8 The Interplay Between Formal and Informal in Conflict Prevention, Mediation and Community Security Provision in Kyrgyzstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Arzuu Sheranova v vi Contents Part II Research Endeavors 9 What Happened to the Foundations of Eurasian Health Governance? Research Initiatives for Health Security Capacity Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Ole Döring 10 Transitional Justice Research in Post-Totalitarian Societies in the OSCE Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Anja Mihr Chapter 1 Introduction to the First Edition AnjaMihrandAlexanderWolters ThisfirsteditionoftheOSCEAcademycompilationseriesonTransformationand DevelopmentintheOSCERegionisdedicatedtolookingatthepolitical,economic andregionaltransformationprocessesthatareshapedbyinternationalandregional policies, social movements as well as influenced by the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and that range from North America to Europe, from Central Asia to China. Thesepoliciesanddevelopmentsandtheso-calledNewSilkRoadbetweenChina andEurope,locatedbetweentheBRICScountriesRussiaintheNorthandIndiainthe South,cutsthroughtheOSCERegionandischallengingthepost-Sovietcountriesin severaldifferentways. ManyOSCEmemberstatesfaceeconomicdifficulties,high levelsofcorruption,intransparentpoliticalprocessesandseriousflawsofdemocracy. Notbutafewdependlargelyonnaturalresourceseconomy,sufferfromweakformal institutionsanddefectivedemocraticstructures,orarestillintheearlyconsolidation process of their political regimes. Some countries in the region have for these and other reasons turned back to extreme authoritarian rulership with serious human rights violations, while others have opened up and allowed for political plurality, indicatingthattheywouldnolongertakedirectionsfromanyhegemonicpowersin theregion. ThepoliticalandeconomicpressurefromthevariouspolesoftheOSCEregion, such as North America, Russia, the European Union and from outside the region, from China and India, has influenced the dramatic transformations over the past decade within the region. Next to the varieties of authoritarianism—countries nei- ther being full autocracies or consolidated democracies—, the shortcomings and inconsistency in aiming for good governance regimes, have led to massive brain drain and migration, to unbalanced economic developments and new social cleav- agesandtointerregionalrivalrieswiththeemergenceofcorresponding,newsecurity B A.Mihr( )·A.Wolters OSCEAcademy,Bishkek,Kyrgyzstan e-mail:[email protected] A.Wolters e-mail:[email protected] ©TheAuthor(s)2020 1 A.Mihr(ed.),TransformationandDevelopment, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42775-7_1 2 A.MihrandA.Wolters threats. Inside the OSCE, these must be faced bridging the widening gap between differentlevelsofdemocracybetweentheWesternOSCEregionandtheEastern,an imbalancethatiscloselyintertwinedwitheconomicdevelopmentandlackofsocial mobilityandequalopportunitiesintheregion. Onereasonforthedelayinpolitical(democratic)transformationsinCentralAsia, forexample,asChristianHaerpferandKseniyaKizilovapointoutinthisvolume,has todowiththeabsenceofnon-communistnewelitesduringthe1990s.Thepolitical regimechangeacrosstheformerSovietempirewasinherited,ratherthanfoughtfor, in1991.Therewaslittletonobottom-upapproach,andinsteadaseverelackofacivil societymovementthatwasreadytotakealead,inpartorfully,inthedemocratization process.Theresultsofthisratherimposedandhalf-heartedtransitionprocess,three decadeslater,canbeseenintheweakanddonor-dependedcivilsocietystructures,as AshotAleksanyanillustratesinhischapter.Thisabsenceofalternativepoliticaland economicpersonnelfacilitatedtheunbrokencontinuityoftheoldSovietcadrewho took over the top positions as presidents and prime ministers in the new political systems, without being challenged by new alternative and democratic elites, until now.Butthisisslowlychanging.Someofthereasonsoutlinedinthiscompilation forthelackofsuccessfuldemocratizationwerethestructuralweaknessoftheruleof lassandthehighlevelofcorruptioninsidethelegalsystem,thelegislativesystemor theparliamentsandthemediasystemandinsteadthestrengtheningofthestructural dominanceoftheexecutivesystemofthepresidencyandcentralgovernmentsince 1991. One of the triggering factors for further change in the OSCE region is China’s BeltandRoadInitiative(BRI),thatispushingthesecountriesandsocietiestotrans- form—not only in Eurasia but also in Western Europe, if they want to be taken seriously as political and economic partners in this ‘New Great Game’ as some call it, or new geopolitics as do others, between Europe, Russia, China and India. Davron Ishnazarov illustrates some of the objectives of the BRI and the possible consequencesthiscanhaveforallthecountriesintheOSCEregionthataredirectly involvedorindirectlypenetratedbyit.Oneofthepossibleoutcomesislong-lasting interstateandinterregionalrivalries,suchasthoseanalyzedinMihailPaduraruand ClaudiaIohana-Voicu’scontributiontoresultingsecuritydilemmasthatapplytothe whole OSCE region and Central Asia in particular. If the Eurasian region is to be consideredanunstructuredregionalformationandamultilayeredsecuritycomplex, questionsofcoordinationbetweencountriesandthefactuallackthereofmovetothe center of the discussion, carrying further implications for the economic and polit- ical developments in the wider region. Such lack of coordination and cooperation weakenstheregion’sresistanceagainstexternalpowerssuchasChina,evenRussia andIndiaaswellasterrorismandotherthreats includingtheregionalcapacitiesto meetthemanifoldchallengesposedbytheBRI.Similarprocessesanddevelopments, defunctcoordinationanddevelopmenttrapscanbeseeninotherpartsoftheOSCE region,suggestingfurthercomparison.What,forexample,thesituationinandthe politicaldevelopmentsoftheWesternBalkans,andtherecentpoliticalshiftsinone ofCentralAsia’spowerhouses,Kazakhstan,haveincommon,isfoundinthecase 1 IntroductiontotheFirstEdition 3 studies that Raffaele Mastrorocco and Nygmet Ibadildin and Dinara Pisareva pro- vide.Theirexamplesshowthatcivilsocietyhasfoundsomewhatinnovativeavenues to shape political transformation processes even in conflict-torn and authoritarian societies.Itcanbehighlighted throughout allarticles thatone generation afterthe dramatic regime changes in Eurasia and Western Balkans, social movements and civilsocietyisslowlygrowingandaskingforchangewhichismostlyexpressedby thedesiretofightcorruptionandnepotismonalllevels.Thesedynamicscontinue, despitethere-emergenceoftraditional,autocraticandinformaldecision-makingpro- cessesonalllevelsinmanyOSCEmemberstates,asArszuuSheranovadescribesin hercasestudy.Theriseofnewreligiousactorsaswellastheso-calledorperceived re-traditionalizationofmanyaspectsofdailylives,suchastheroleofwomen,and thewidespreadpracticeofilliciteconomiesandpervasivecorruption,whicharenot newtotheregion,butneverthelessstrongerinCentralandEasternEuropethanin WesternEurope,alsocallforastrongerroleofcivilsocietyandexternaleconomic powersandinvestmentswhichsetmoretransparentandaccountablestandards.This editionisthefirstofmoretocomethatwillinvestigatetherecentpolitical,economic, securityandsocietaldevelopmentsbeyondthestandardreportsofsecurityemergen- cies,annexations,trafficking,migrationandtheriseofnationalism.Itthusaimstodo both,revitalizethestudyoflargerprocessesofchangeinthewiderregionofEurasia andtowidenthescopeandaskforacomparisonoftrendsacrossthewholeofthe OSCEarea. Bishkek, February2020 OpenAccess ThischapterislicensedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation,distributionandreproductioninanymediumorformat,aslongasyougiveappropriate credittotheoriginalauthor(s)andthesource,providealinktotheCreativeCommonslicenseand indicateifchangesweremade. Theimagesorotherthirdpartymaterialinthischapterareincludedinthechapter’sCreative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the chapter’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutoryregulationorexceedsthepermitteduse,youwillneedtoobtainpermissiondirectlyfrom thecopyrightholder. Part I Transformation and Development
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