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Transcribing Class and Gender: Masculinity and Femininity in Nineteenth-Century Courts and Offices PDF

335 Pages·2009·3.929 MB·English
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Transcribing Class and Gender CLASS : CULTURE series editors Amy Schrager Lang, Syracuse University, and Bill V. Mullen, Purdue University editorial board Nicholas Bromell, University Jonathan Prude, Emory University of Massachusetts Steven Ross, University of Southern Nan Enstad, University of Wisconsin California Amy Gluckman, Dollars and Sense Cecelia Tichi, Vanderbilt University Leslie Harris, Emory University Lisa Yun, Binghamton University Cora Kaplan, University of Southampton Alan Wald, University of Michigan Louis Mendoza, University of Minnesota Janet Zandy, Rochester Institute of Technology titles in the series: The Syntax of Class: Writing Inequality in Nineteenth-Century America Amy Schrager Lang Vanishing Moments: Class and American Culture Eric Schocket Let Me Live Angelo Herndon Workin’ on the Chain Gang: Shaking Off the Dead Hand of History Walter Mosley Commerce in Color: Race, Consumer Culture, and American Literature, 1893–1933 James C. Davis You Work Tomorrow: An Anthology of American Labor Poetry, 1929–41 Edited by John Marsh Chicano Novels and the Politics of Form: Race, Class, and Reifi cation Marcial González Moisture of the Earth: Mary Robinson, Civil Rights and Textile Union Activist Edited by Fran Leeper Buss Grassroots at the Gateway: Class Politics and Black Freedom Struggle in St. Louis, 1936–75 Clarence Lang Natural Acts: Gender, Race, and Rusticity in Country Music Pamela Fox Transcribing Class and Gender: Masculinity and Femininity in Nineteenth-Century Courts and Offi ces Carole Srole Transcribing Class and Gender Masculinity and Femininity in Nineteenth-Century Courts and Of‹ces carole srole The University ofMichigan Press Ann Arbor Copyright © by the University ofMichigan 2010 All rights reserved Published in the United States ofAmerica by The University ofMichigan Press Manufactured in the United States ofAmerica cPrinted on acid-free paper 2013 2012 2011 2010 4 3 2 1 No part ofthis publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,or otherwise,without the written permission ofthe publisher. A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Srole,Carole,1948– Transcribing class and gender :masculinity and femininity in nineteenth-century courts and offices / Carole Srole. p. cm.— (Class :culture) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn978-0-472-07055-8 (cloth :alk.paper) 1.Working class women—United States—History—19th century. 2.Stenographers—United States—History—19th century. 3.Masculinity—United States—History—19th century. 4.Femininity— United States—History—19th century. 5.Social classes—United States—History—19th century. I.Title. hd6073.s582u67 2009 305.38'9623097309034—dc22 2009018640 ISBN13 978-0-472-02664-7 (electronic) To Kenneth S.Star,the good Acknowledgments The number ofpeople who have helped me along the way has ex- panded more than I could imagine.I thank you all,even the ones I have failed to mention here. I received funding through creative leave and sabbatical awards from Cali- fornia State University,Los Angeles.The quantitative materials were based on a grant from the Department ofLabor.Generous assistance was provided by staff from the New York Public Library;the New York Historical Society;Harvard; Yale;the University ofCalifornia,Los Angeles;the Massachusetts Department ofVital Statistics;and the Boston Globe.Marshall Jorpeland,director of com- munications for the National Court Reporters Association, went beyond the call ofduty by supplying citations and current issues ofthe Journal ofCourt Re- portingand taking the time to calculate membership numbers. Research assistants and family members helped ‹nd citations and docu- ments: I thank Sam Vong, Irma Valdivia, M. Gwin Wheatley,Amy Ver Berg, Greg Srolestar,and Julianna Coco.I could not have ‹nished this book without the computer consultation ofKen Star and Matthew Srolestar. Friends and colleagues supplied help in countless ways.Cindy Aron,Jesse Batton,Wendy Gamber,Marc Silberman,Rennie Schoep›in,and Scott Wells shared documents and citations.Thomas Alvarez,Marilyn Boxer,Jim Cullen, Angel Kwolek-Folland,Karen Lystra,Bill Rorabaugh,Joan Severa,Sarah Stage, and Eileen Boris and the anonymous readers at Feminist Studies offered advice on parts of chapters or conference papers. Cindy Aron, Tom Dublin, Nancy Page Fernandez,Wendy Gamber,Glenna Matthews,Ken Star,and Lillian Taiz read all ofthe chapters.Anthony Bernier,Lesley Kawaguchi,and Greg Srolestar commented on the entire manuscript more than once. I have been fortunate to have a number ofcommunities who have given ad- vice and moral support.The members ofa U.S.women’s history reading group in Southern California provided an intellectual community that I treasure, comprised of Nancy Page Fernandez, Jill Fields, Jennifer Hillman Helgren, Karen Lystra, Lois Nettleship, Emily Rader, Donna Schuele, and former or sometime participants Victoria Brown, Mary Lou Locke, Peggy Renner, viii / acknowledgments Margaret Rose,and Sarah Stage.I value the friendship and “old girl”network of the many participants in the yearly Teaching Workshop on Women’s History.I especially thank Emily Abel,Patricia Cohen,Mary Felsteiner,Jill Fields,Estelle Freedman,Jo Goodwin,and Marge Lasky,who brainstormed titles and publi- cation strategies,searched for records,and introduced me to the University of Michigan editor. I cannot thank Karen Lystra and Nancy Page Fernandez enough for spending days helping revise the introduction and title and clarify my ideas and for graciously putting up with my phone calls and e-mails. Family and friends enlivened my research trips to the east.My aunt,Esther Srole,generously provided bed and board and family stories in New York.In the early years,Ted Byers,Judy Taylor,and Marion Bloch put me up in Boston, and Myrtle and Saul Srole supplied room,board,and guided trips throughout the Washington,D.C.,area. I appreciate those historians who have given moral support and encourage- ment over the long haul:Stanley Burstein,Nancy Page Fernandez,Nancy Fitch, Karen Lystra,and Lillian Taiz.I also appreciate former students who willingly discussed my work:Anthony Bernier,Torrie Hester,Jennifer Langdon,and Ly- dia Otero. I am indebted to the support and advice ofUniversity ofMichigan Press ed- itor LeAnn Fields;the editors of the Class:Culture series,Amy Schrager Lang and Bill V.Mullen;and the anonymous readers for the press. Most important of all,I thank Kenneth Star,to whom this book is dedi- cated,for never losing faith in me. Contents introduction 1 i. initial hooks chapter1. Performing Independence:Male Clerks,Bookkeepers, and Stenographers from 1820 to 1870 17 chapter2. Treasury Girls and the Masses:From Degraded Women Workers to Employees 44 ii. final hooks chapter3. Stepping-Stones and Short Ladders: Men’s Faltering Independence 71 chapter4. The Male Stenographers’Solution: The Language ofProfessionalism 95 chapter5. Typewriter Girls and Lady Stenographers: The Challenges ofRespectability 129 chapter6. “My Fondest Hopes Will Have Been Realized”: Independence,Ambition,and the New Woman 160 chapter7. Performances ofProfessionalism 190 epilogue 219 notes 233 appendix Abbreviations ofShorthand Journals 301 Manuscript Collections 301 Description and Linking ofSources 302 Occupational Categories 304 Tables 305 index 317

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