Transboundary Water Management: Principles and Practice

268 Pages·2010·2.981 MB·English

by  Anton Earle, Anders Jägerskog, Joakim Öjendal

TRANSBOUNDARY
WATER MANAGEMENT
TRANSBOUNDARY
WATER MANAGEMENT
Principles and Practice
Edited by
Anton Earle, Anders Jägerskog and Joakim Öjendal
London • New York
First published in 2010 by Earthscan
Copyright © Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) 2010
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Transboundary water management : principles and practice / edited by Anton Earle, Anders Jägerskog, and Joakim
Öjendal. — 1st ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-84971-137-1 (hardback) — ISBN 978-1-84971-138-8 (pbk.) 1. Water resources development. 2. Water-
supply. I. Earle, Anton. II. Jägerskog, Anders. III. Öjendal, Joakim.
HD1691.T733 2010
333.91—dc22
2010015267
At Earthscan we strive to minimize our environmental impacts and carbon footprint through reducing waste, recycling
and offsetting our CO emissions, including those created through publication of this book.
2
Contents
List of Figures and Tables vii
Foreword by Irina Bokova ix
List of Contributors xi
Acknowledgements xiii
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xv
1 Introduction: Setting the Scene for Transboundary Water Management
Approaches 1
Anton Earle, Anders Jägerskog and Joakim Öjendal
PART 1 – ANALYTICAL APPROACHES TO TRANSBOUNDARY WATER MANAGEMENT
2 Why Negotiate? Asymmetric Endowments, Asymmetric Power and the
Invisible Nexus of Water, Trade and Power that Brings Apparent
Water Security 13
J. A. (Tony) Allan and Naho Mirumachi
3 Power, Hegemony and Critical Hydropolitics 27
Ana Elisa Cascão and Mark Zeitoun
4 Getting Beyond the Environment–Conflict Trap: Benefit Sharing in
International River Basins 43
Marwa Daoudy
PART 2 – TRANSBOUNDARY WATER MANAGEMENT POLITY AND PRACTICE
5 International Water Law: Concepts, Evolution and Development 59
Owen McIntyre
6 Aquifer Resources in a Transboundary Context: A Hidden Resource? –
Enabling the Practitioner to ‘See It and Bank It’ for Good Use 73
Shammy (Shaminder) Puri and Wilhelm Struckmeier
vi TRANSBOUNDARYWATERMANAGEMENT
7 Governance in Transboundary Basins – the Roles of Stakeholders;
Concepts and Approaches in International River Basins 91
Nicole Kranz and Erik Mostert
8 Environmental Flows in Shared Watercourses: Review of Assessment
Methods and Relevance in the Transboundary Setting 107
Cate Brown and Jackie King
9 Managing Water Negotiations and Conflicts in Concept and in Practice 125
Todd Jarvis and Aaron Wolf
10 Identifying Business Models for Transboundary River Basin Institutions 143
Jakob Granit
PART 3 – CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
11 Sustainability of Transnational Water Agreements in the Face of
Socioeconomic and Environmental Change 157
Malin Falkenmark and Anders Jägerskog
12 Enhanced Knowledge and Education Systems for Strengthening the
Capacity of Transboundary Water Management 171
Léna Salamé and Pieter van der Zaag
13 Case Studies of Transboundary Water Management Initiatives:
Fifteen Initiatives from Various Parts of the World 187
Compiled by Virginia Hooper and Michael McWilliams
14 Towards a Conceptual Framework for Transboundary Water Management 237
Joakim Öjendal, Anton Earle and Anders Jägerskog
Index 249
List of Figures and Tables
Figures
1.1 Development, adoption, co-option and implementation of TWM strategy 3
2.1 Conflict and cooperation coexist in transboundary relations. 20
2.2 Diverse and strong political economies have the option to adopt alternative water
resource management approaches via technology and economic diversification and trade 20
3.1 Rivers run through them: transboundary waters spanning all levels of political economies 30
3.2 Range of forms of interaction over transboundary water resources 31
3.3 Revised pillars of hydro-hegemony 32
3.4 Suggested plots of hydro-hegemonic configurations in the Eastern Nile, Tigris and
Euphrates, and Lower Jordan river basins 33
3.5 Select transboundary aquifers and rivers in the MENA region 35
6.1 Large aquifer systems of the world 74
6.2 A graphical representation of the volumes of water in aquifers and in river–lake basins 75
6.3 International river and lake basins in Africa and the underlying aquifer systems 76
6.4 Use of the ‘storage property’ of aquifers to improve resource reliability – national and
international context 78
6.5 The interconnected river–aquifer system: (a) replenished aquifer discharging to a
connected river; (b) river water infiltrating into aquifer storage 79
6.6 Various configurations for conjunctive use of river basin and aquifer resources 82
6.7 Consequences of unplanned aquifer use and ‘do nothing’ to recover after closure 83
6.8 Setting of a deep transboundary aquifer with recharge in only one state 85
6.9 Building the knowledge base for the sound management of transboundary aquifers –
from national inventories through to an international legal instrument 87
7.1 Map of the Okavango River Basin 97
7.2 Map of the Danube River Basin 99
7.3 Map of the Dniester River Basin 101
8.1 The IBFA process, highlighting the EF component and showing the flow of information
that produces the three streams of information for any development (or rehabilitation)
scenario 114
8.2 Holistic EF assessments consider the interplay between various aspects of a freshwater
ecosystem 115
8.3 The concept of water-resource development space, which is defined by present-day
conditions and the negotiated limit of ecosystem degradation as water-resource
development proceeds 117
viii TRANSBOUNDARYWATERMANAGEMENT
8.4 The concept of water-resource development space 118
9.1 Circle of conflict 128
9.2 The ‘Hydrohydra’ of issues fuelling the duelling expert syndrome 132
10.1 A conceptual model illustrating drivers for cooperation, water management and
development principles and the overall objective of regional integration 148
10.2 Stakeholders and their roles in transboundary river basin management and development 151
10.3 A model for illustrating the complexity of different business models for a transboundary
river basin institution by assessing functions to carry out, their costs and benefits 153
11.1 Areas of principal focus of 145 international agreements on transboundary water
resources 159
11.2 Livelihood contrasts in terms of annual precipitation, potential and actual evaporation
and runoff generation 160
11.3 Two dimensions of present and imminent water scarcity risks: demand-driven water
stress and population-driven water shortage 161
11.4 Rivers under stress: closing and closed river basins 162
11.5 Three contrasting types of relations between upstream and downstream
riparians 163
13.1 Redistribution of (bargaining) power in the Nile River Basin 191
13.2 GTZ Transwater Capacity Cube 219
Tables
2.1 Economies of Jordan riparians 21
2.2 The relationship between water scarcity, the intensity of contention over shared
transboundary water resources, levels of conflict relations, the mode of engagement
and the degree of researchability 23
3.1 Examples of transboundary water cooperative arrangements in the MENA region 37
6.1 Withdrawal of water from aquifers by continent 76
6.2 Utilization of water drawn from aquifers in selected countries and regions 77
8.1 Examples of valued features of freshwater ecosystems that could be protected through EFs 111
8.2 Characterization of EF methods, with examples 113
9.1 Comparative analysis of competitive versus collaborative strategic orientations 130
9.2 The four stages of water conflict transformation and the 4i framework 137
10.1 Functional stages in the evolution of an adaptive RBO at the in-country level 149
10.2 Functions carried out by six assessed transboundary institutions at various level of effort 150
10.3 A comprehensive list of cooperative water management and development functions for
transboundary river basin institutions 150
Foreword
Water knows no political, economic or social United Nations agencies are actively involved
boundaries as it passes through the various phases in a number of transboundary water management
of the hydrological cycle. By linking plants, animals, initiatives. These include UNESCO’s ‘Potential
people and ecological processes, water physically Conflict to Cooperation Potential’ and
embodies our ‘common future’. The sound use and ‘Internationally Shared Aquifer Resource
management of this precious resource can lead to Management’ programmes. Both flagships facili-
benefits for humanity and ecosystems; just as tate multilevel and interdisciplinary dialogues in
mismanagement of it will be to their detriment. order to foster peace, cooperation and develop-
The challenge facing water managers today is ment related to the management of transboundary
how to unlock the benefits from the water cycle water resources. Through research and capacity-
and to make them available to a broad range of building activities, the programmes have brought
social and economic sectors in a sustainable way. together players engaged in transboundary surface
Increasing competition for transboundary water water and aquifers management, and have helped
resources between economic sectors, ecosystems, to increase the opportunities for actual cooperation
communities and nations is often assumed to lead and development.
necessarily to conflict. The additional pressures of Addressing transboundary water issues is a real
climate change, economic development and and pressing challenge. With the backing of the
demographic shifts would seem only to increase policy makers who represent them and the water
the likelihood of such a negative outcome. users whom they serve, water resource managers
Yet, historically, water has more often been a are able to take proactive steps towards achieving a
source of cooperation between countries, leading common vision and development outcomes.
to economic development for those involved, than It is essential that the international community
a catalyst for conflict. Since the earliest years of support these efforts by strengthening all facets of
the nation state, institutions have been set up to institutional capacity for effective water manage-
develop infrastructure for water storage and ment. This volume represents a tangible
supply, as well as to provide protection from contribution to this effort by placing the current
hazards such as flooding. knowledge and experience of water management
As governments all over the world are coming professionals and researchers within reach of a
to recognize, transboundary waters can be the broad audience.
object of peaceful cooperation and sustainable
socioeconomic development, provided sufficient
institutional capacity exists to manage the
challenges. Investments need to be made in data
monitoring and exchange, in the creation of legal Irina Bokova
frameworks, in human resources capacity-building, Director-General of UNESCO
in education programmes for a range of stakehold- June 2010
ers, and in the generation of scientific knowledge.
List of Contributors
Contributors Swedish International Development Cooperation
Agency (Sida), on water resources management in
eastern and southern Africa; and at the Stockholm
Editors
International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), on
Anton Earle is Project Director – Capacity Building, Middle Eastern security issues. In 2003 he finished
at the Stockholm International Water Institute his PhD on the water negotiations in the Jordan
(SIWI), Sweden. He is a geographer with an River Basin at the Department of Water and
academic background in environmental manage- Environmental Studies at the Linköping
ment and specializes in transboundary water University, Sweden. He has published over 60
resource management, facilitating the interaction scientific articles, book chapters, debate articles
between governments, basin organizations and and reports.
other stakeholders in international river and lake
Joakim Öjendal is Professor at the School of Global
basins. He has experience in developing capacity-
Studies (SGS), Peace and Development Research,
building initiatives for the various groups involved
University of Gothenburg, Sweden. He has been
in water management and water use at the inter-
researching water management for 15 years at
state level in the southern and East African
SGS, where he also wrote his PhD thesis Sharing the
regions, the Middle East and internationally, and
Good (2000), and has subsequently published
has published extensively on transboundary water
widely, including Transboundary Water Co-operation as
management. For more information on SIWI’s
a Tool for Conflict Prevention and Broader Benefit Sharing
capacity-building programmes in the water sector
(with Phillips, Daoudy, McCaffrey and Turton).
see www.siwi.org/capacitybuilding.
He is currently involved in the research project
Reconstruction of War-Torn Societies, as well as another
Anders Jägerskog is Project Director – Applied
on Democratization and Decentralization in Cambodia.
Research, at the Stockholm International Water
Other fields of research for Öjendal have been the
Institute (SIWI) and Associate Professor, School of
scope of globalization in Southeast Asia, in
Global Studies (Peace and Development
Deepening Democracy and Restructuring Governance:
Research), Gothenburg University. His work is
Responses to globalization in Southeast Asia (Nias Press;
focused on transboundary waters with particular
co-edited with Francis Loh), and regionalization as
emphasis on the MENA regions and Africa.
a global phenomenon in Regionalization in a
Previously he has worked at the secretariat for the
Globalizing World (Zed Press; co-edited with Schulz
Expert Group on Development Issues (EGDI) at
and Söderbaum).
the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs; at the