Transboundary Harm in International Law: Lessons from the Trail Smelter Arbitration PDF
Preview Transboundary Harm in International Law: Lessons from the Trail Smelter Arbitration
This page intentionally left blank P1:FCW 0521856434pre CUNY397B/Bratspies 0521856434 June16,2006 17:29 transboundary harm in international law Many harms flow across the ever-more porous sovereign borders of a globalizing world. These harms expose weaknesses in the international legal regime built on sovereigntyofnationstates.UsingtheTrailSmelterarbitration,oneofthemostcited casesininternationalenvironmentallaw,thisbookexploresthechangingnatureof stateresponsestotransboundaryharm.Takingacriticalapproach,thebookexamines thearbitration’sinfluenceoninternationallawgenerallyandinternationalenviron- mental law specifically. In particular, the book explores whether there are lessons from Trail Smelter that are useful for resolving transboundary challenges currently confronting the international community. The book collects the commentary of a distinguished set of international law scholars who consider the history of the Trail Smelter arbitration, its significance for international environmental law, its broader relationshiptointernationallaw,anditsresonanceinfieldsbeyondtheenvironment. RebeccaM.BratspiesholdsaB.A.inBiologyfromWesleyanUniversityandgraduated withhonorsfromtheUniversityofPennsylvaniaLawSchool,whereshewaselected totheOrderoftheCoifandawardedtheGreenPrizeforExcellenceinTorts.Shewas namedaLuceFoundationScholarandSecondedtoTaiwan’sMinistryoftheEnvi- ronment.Herscholarlyresearchfocusesonenvironmentalregulatoryregimes; she isparticularlyinterestedintheinternationaldimensionsofenvironmentalregulation andtheroleofnonstateactors.Shecurrentlyholdsanassociateprofessorshipoflawat CUNYSchoolofLawwheresheteachesenvironmental,property,andadministrative law.WhileonthefacultyattheUniversityofIdahoCollegeofLaw,shecofounded, withRussellMiller,theAnnualIdahoInternationalLawSymposium.Theinaugural symposiumgaverisetothisbook. Russell A. Miller has degrees from Washington State University (B.A.); Duke Uni- versity (J.D./M.A.); and Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany (LL.M.).Hewastherecipientofa1999RobertBoschFoundationFellowship.Heisa frequentVisitingScholarattheMaxPlanckInstituteforComparativePublicLawand PublicInternationalLaw.ProfessorMilleristhecofounderandCo-Editor-in-Chiefof theGermanLawJournal(http://www.germanlawjournal.com).Heisalsothecoeditor oftheAnnualofGerman&EuropeanLawandthecoauthoroftheforthcomingthird editionofTheConstitutionalJurisprudenceoftheFederalRepublicofGermany.With Rebecca Bratspies he cofounded the Annual Idaho International Law Symposium. Theinauguralsymposiumgaverisetothisbook. i P1:FCW 0521856434pre CUNY397B/Bratspies 0521856434 June16,2006 17:29 ii P1:FCW 0521856434pre CUNY397B/Bratspies 0521856434 June16,2006 17:29 Transboundary Harm in International Law Lessons from the Trail Smelter Arbitration Edited by Rebecca M. Bratspies CUNYSchoolofLaw Russell A. Miller UniversityofIdahoCollegeofLaw iii cambridge university press Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,SãoPaulo Cambridge University Press TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridgecb22ru,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridg e.org /9780521856430 © Cambridge University Press 2006 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexceptionandtotheprovisionof relevantcollectivelicensingagreements,noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplace withoutthewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublishedinprintformat 2006 isbn-13 978-0-511-24534-3eBook(EBL) isbn-10 0-511-24534-3eBook(EBL) isbn-13 978-0-521-85643-0hardback isbn-10 0-521-85643-4hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofurls forexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication,anddoesnot guaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. P1:FCW 0521856434pre CUNY397B/Bratspies 0521856434 June16,2006 17:29 FormyuncleDennisReplansky– wholovedthelaw RebeccaM.Bratspies * * * Tomyparents,forgivingmethegiftofthebreathtakingriversoftheAmerican northwest.Whowouldhavethoughtthoseriversmightonedayflowoutintothe worldlikethis? Itpleasesme,lovingrivers. Lovingthemallthewayback totheirsource. RaymondCarver, WhereWaterComesTogetherwithOtherWater, WhereWaterComesTogetherwithOtherWater:Poems17(1986). RussellA.Miller v P1:FCW 0521856434pre CUNY397B/Bratspies 0521856434 June16,2006 17:29 vi P1:FCW 0521856434pre CUNY397B/Bratspies 0521856434 June16,2006 17:29 Contents Contributors page xi Acknowledgments xvii ForewordbyDavidD.Caron xix Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 RebeccaM.BratspiesandRussellA.Miller PART ONE. THE TRAILSMELTER ARBITRATION – HISTORY, LEGACY, AND REVIVAL History 1 “AnOutcropofHell”:History,Environment,andthePolitics oftheTrailSmelterDispute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 JamesR.Allum 2 TheTrailSmelterDispute[Abridged] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 JohnE.Read RootsandLegacy 3 OfParadoxes,Precedents,andProgeny:TheTrailSmelter Arbitration65YearsLater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 StephenC.McCaffrey 4 PollutionbyAnalogy:TheTrialSmelterArbitration[Abridged] . . . . . . 46 AlfredP.Rubin 5 HasInternationalLawOutgrownTrailSmelter? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 JayeEllis 6 TheFlawedTrailSmelterProcedure:TheWrongTribunal, theWrongParties,andtheWrongLaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 JohnH.Knox vii P1:FCW 0521856434pre CUNY397B/Bratspies 0521856434 June16,2006 17:29 viii Contents 7 RereadingTrailSmelter[Abridged] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 KarinMickelson 8 TrailSmelterandtheInternationalLawCommission’s WorkonStateResponsibilityforInternationallyWrongfulActs andStateLiability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 MarkA.Drumbl 9 DerivativeversusDirectLiabilityasaBasis for State Liability for Transboundary Harms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 99 MarkAnderson ReturntoTrail 10 TransboundaryPollution,Unilateralism,andtheLimits ofExtraterritorialJurisdiction:TheSecondTrailSmelter Dispute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 NeilCraik PART TWO. TRAILSMELTER AND CONTEMPORARY TRANSBOUNDARY HARM – THE ENVIRONMENT 11 TrailSmelterinContemporaryInternationalEnvironmental Law: Its Relevance in the Nuclear Energy Context . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 125 Gu¨ntherHandl 12 ThroughtheLookingGlass:SustainableDevelopmentandOther EmergingConceptsofInternationalEnvironmentalLawinthe Gabcˇikovo-NagymarosCaseandtheTrailSmelterArbitration . . . . . . .140 JamesF.Jacobson 13 TrailSmelter’s(Semi)PrecautionaryLegacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 RebeccaM.Bratspies 14 SurprisingParallelsbetweenTrailSmelterandtheGlobal ClimateChangeRegime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167 RussellA.Miller 15 Sovereignty’sContinuingImportance:Tracesof TrailSmelter intheInternationalLawGoverningHazardousWasteTransport . . . . . 181 AustenL.Parrish 16 TheLegacyofTrailSmelterintheFieldofTransboundary AirPollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 PhoebeOkowa 17 TheImpactoftheTrailSmelterArbitration ontheLawoftheSea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 StuartB.Kaye
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