Trans-Pacific Interactions: The United States and China, 1880–1950 PDF
Preview Trans-Pacific Interactions: The United States and China, 1880–1950
Trans-Pacific Interactions PreviousPublicationsbyRuthMayer Books: Diaspora:EinekritischeBegriffsbestimmung,2005. ArtificialAfricas:ImagesofColonialismintheTimesofGlobalization,2002. Selbsterkenntnis,Körperfühlen:Medizin,Philosophieunddieamerikanische Renaissance,1997. EditedVolumes: WithGesineKrügerandMarianneSommer(Eds).IchTarzan! MenschenaffenundAffenmenschenzwischenScienceund Fiction,2008. WithFrankKelleterandBarbaraKrah(Eds).Melodrama!TheModeofExcess fromEarlyAmericatoHollywood,2007. WithBrigitteWeingart(Eds).VIRUS!MutationeneinerMetapher,2004. WithMarkTerkessidis(Eds).Globalkolorit:Multikulturalismusund Populärkultur,1998. WithMartinKlepperandErnst-PeterSchneck(Eds).Hyperkultur:Zur FiktiondesComputerzeitalters,1996. Trans-Pacific Interactions The United States and China, 1880–1950 Edited byVanessaKünnemannand RuthMayer TRANS-PACIFICINTERACTIONS Copyright©VanessaKünnemannandRuthMayer,2009 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-0-230-61905-0 Allrightsreserved. Firstpublishedin2009byPALGRAVEMACMILLAN®inthe UnitedStates-adivisionofSt.Martin’sPressLLC,175FifthAvenue, NewYork,NY10010. WherethisbookisdistributedintheUK,Europeandtherestof theworld,thisisbyPalgraveMacmillan,adivisionofMacmillan PublishersLimited,registeredinEngland,companynumber785998, ofHoundmills,Basingstoke,HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabove companiesandhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnited States,theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-38176-0 ISBN 978-0-230-10130-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230101302 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Trans-Pacificinteractions:theUnitedStatesandChina,1880–1950/ editedbyVanessaKünnemannandRuthMayer. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-349-38176-0 1. UnitedStates—Relations—China. 2. China—Relations— UnitedStates. 3. Transnationalism. 4. Nationalcharacteristics, American. 5. Nationalcharacteristics,Chinese. 6. ChineseAmericans—History. 7. ChineseAmericans—Ethnic identity. 8. Missionaries—China—History. I. Künnemann,Vanessa. II. Mayer,Ruth,1965– E183.8.C5T6772009 327.73051—dc22 2009017902 DesignbyIntegraSoftwareServices Firstedition:November2009 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents ListofFiguresandTables vii TransnationalNationalisms–ChinaandtheUnitedStatesina PacificWorld:AnIntroduction 1 VanessaKünnemannandRuthMayer Part I NationalismsandConfigurationsofNational IdentityinChinaandtheUnitedStates 1 TheAmericanDreamandDreamsofChina:ATransnational ApproachtoChineseAmericanHistory 21 YongChen 2 NationalStudiesandGlobalEntanglements:The ReenvisioningofChinaintheEarlyTwentiethCentury 43 KlausMühlhahn 3 ChinaintheWorld:ConstructionsofaChineseIdentityin theLateNineteenthandEarlyTwentiethCentury 59 NicolaSpakowski Part II ChineseAmerica,Citizenship,Nationality, andtheWorld 4 PaperCitizensandBiometricalIdentification:Immigration, Nationality,andBelonginginChineseAmericaduringthe ExclusionEra 85 RuthMayer 5 BefriendingtheYellowPeril:StudentMigrationandthe WarmingofAmericanAttitudestowardChinese,1905–1950 105 MadelineY.Hsu vi ● Contents 6 Betweenthe“MountainofTang”andthe“AdoptedLand”: TheChineseAmericanPeriodicalPressandtheEmergenceof ChineseAmericanIdentitiesintheFaceofExclusion 123 K.ScottWong Part III MissionaryInterventions:CulturalMediation inChinaandtheUnitedStates 7 ChristianMissionandtheInternationalizationofChina, 1830–1950 141 ThoralfKlein 8 “FollowingwithBleedingFootsteps?”AmericanMissionsin Chinaandthe(Gendered)CritiqueofPearlS.Buck 161 VanessaKünnemann 9 TheDeservingHeathen:MissionaryEthnographyofChina andItsAmericanConverts 185 DominikaFerens AbouttheContributors 205 Index 207 List of Figures and Tables Figures 4.1 “TheLastAdditiontotheFamily” 89 9.1 “HonoraryStonePortaltotheMemoryofVirtuousandFilial Widows” 194 Tables 5.1 Numbers of Chinese Students in the United States (Wang 1966:158) 114 5.2 CountriesofOriginofForeignStudentsintheUnitedStates fortheAcademicYear1923–1924(Bieler2004:379–280) 114 Transnational Nationalisms–China and the United States in a Pacific World: An Introduction Vanessa Künnemann and Ruth Mayer “Thegeneraltrendinworldaffairsisdailyconcentratingmoreand more on the Pacific, as those with even a little knowledge in worldaffairswillconfirm,”wrotetheChinesehistorianandpub- lic intellectual Liang Qichao in 1903, after a trip to the United States and Canada (1903: 89). For Liang, the upcoming “Pacific century” was deter- mined by political and economic processes that were not confined to or controlledbyonesocietyornation-statealone.YetitwasintheUnitedStates that the forces that would shape the future became most conspicuous, as Liangnotedwithacharacteristicmixoffascinationanddeepconcern.Hewas particularly worried about two—tightly interlinked—trends, which became apparent at the time of his travels and which seemed to gain a momen- tum that boded ill for the future: American imperialist ambitions and the emergenceofAmerica-basedglobalbusinessventures. Two persons whom Liang made a point of meeting while in the United Statespersonifiedthesetrendsandtheirconcatenation:TheodoreRoosevelt andJohnPierpontMorgan.ThepresidentstoodforanagendaofAmerican expansion, free trade, and laissez-faire progressivism, and the financier who had founded the giant United States Steel Corporation in 1901 was about to establish an increasingly transnational network of banks, life insurance companies, and railroad and public utility businesses. For Liang, Roosevelt embodied the ideology of “the world belong[ing] to the United States” (p. 90), as he sardonically paraphrased the Monroe Doctrine. J.P. Morgan, conversely,figuredasthespearheadofanewworldorderinwhichtrustsand corporations, the “monster[s]...spreading over the whole world” (p. 88), determined the lives of millions: “the trust is the darling of the twentieth century,andcertainlycannotbedestroyedbyhumaneffort”(p.89).Liang’s 2 ● VanessaKünnemannandRuthMayer assessment ironically echoes and inverts Theodore Roosevelt’s admonition, voiced in his Annual Message to Congress of 1901, that the “great indus- trial combinations which are popularly, although with technical inaccuracy, known as ‘trusts’” should be left alone, since they were “so delicate that extremecaremustbetakennottointerferewith[them]inaspiritofrashness orignorance”(n.p.). Liang Qichao’s political conclusions from his trip to the United States andothertravelsaredebatable(Chang1971;Duara1995:33–36,170–174; Tang1996;Wong1996;cf.alsotheessaybyNicolaSpakowskiinthisbook), but his observations on the joint forces of imperialism and corporate cap- italism bring to the fore major developments that would indeed shape the futureofChinaandtheUnitedStates,andthefutureofthePacificworld.In many respects, Liang’s reflections of 1903 pinpoint the issues and processes whose historical unfolding will be addressed in our volume—the interlink- age of economics and politics in the world at the turn of the century, the relevance of a global perspective with local focuses, the emergence of alter- nativevaluesystemswhichstillmustnotbeseeninisolation.Economicand geopolitical reformations are approximated in close conjunction with cul- tural and political developments in our volume. Thus, we lay emphasis on the human and cultural implications of the multifaceted repercussions and reciprocitiesofChinese–Americanexchanges.Wewillbeconcernedwiththe differentlyinflectedprocessesofnationformationandtheadventofnation- alisminthePacificRimarea,andlookintothepatternsofmobilityandthe role of cultural forces and movements—religion, literature, the media—in this amalgam of interests and influences. What Liang Qichao wrote about thephenomenonofthetrust—“wecannotlookatthisproblemasifobserv- ing a fire from the opposite shore” (1903: 89)—could serve as a motto for our study, since it leads to a diagnosis of the trans-pacific status quo: what happenedononesideofthePacificinvariablyaffectedtheotherside,too. Trans-Pacific Interactions is structured in three sections, which are intri- cately interconnected. The first two parts revolve around the insight that “all good nationalisms have a transnational vision,” as Prasenjit Duara put it (1995: 13). The book’s first part, “Nationalisms and Configurations of National Identity in China and the United States,” traces reciprocal devel- opments, exchange lines, and rifts between China and the United States at the turn of the twentieth century. The second part, “Chinese America, Citizenship, Nationality, and the World,” is more closely concerned with particular instances of managing the flow of exchange and contact, and of conceptualizing and representing processes of cultural contact and cultural transformation.Here,theChinesediasporaisofcentralimportance,sinceit participatedin,wasaffectedby,andengagedinAmericanand(early)Chinese
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