Traditional Toys

2018·4.5 MB·English

by  Centre for Cultural Resources and Training

urA06-e!pu!iJ00'MMM : apsqaM
uromPuoo jjp : peiua
/E98809Z-U-16 : xbj ‘00860883-H--1-6 : auoqd
SZO 0U-"imaQ «aN ‘e>|jB/wa ‘Z-JOJ3SS ‘V-Sl.
ONiNivyi qnv ssoanossa nvannno aod saiNso
j 11% > ■
3 '!'*» II ill
.
':l<^r JOEariw /Jp H
' w. "- i ' ■. Hp
M ^ 1 £
MKUlRch 14)41} TRADITIONAL TOYS
Rsidl}, to41 r4 frolr to 4 si-icBftfci sffc TTliw to4 t sfk to4t Toys have a special appeal and fascination for children and play
toIto frolr 4 %41 ttoicRch 3Tf4°iiPw r4 ■qftTj^f to4 t4 3rtotofkTT a major role in fulfilling the need for creative expression which is
TO t44 4' tjcf h^cci^liI '^ffcrarr 14^4 ti snr^r % toT 4 totoh 4 inherent in every individual. In the formative years, toys help in the
emotional and physical development of the child. Simple traditional
RsM"!}, TOTO % 'HIcHIcH'+i 3t4 SflKlR=h fdTOra 4 TOTTOTT TOl4 tl TO
toys allow the child to use his imagination to create characters and
TOTOFTT fect4, TOcTTO 44 STT^ cbc-RHI TtfTO TOT TOTO TOT4 Rferf 44;
situations drawn from real life or from the world of fantasy.
41 ■HI 14 TO 41 TO TO Al< TOeTOTT % -H-HK 4 TOUI 44 T^ M144*) Id 4) TOT
froW tot4 tot totto w tot4 ti The traditional figures and toy-like artefacts, with which an average
Indian is conditioned, both by participation and observation,
T3TO StItoT Tk41t % 41 ?4-f44 ^t4 TORf TOW Rsldl}, 31 Itld<4f TJcf
have existed all through the centuries. The wide range of such
Itotot, 3ttotitot tj4 wnfron irt wrfs^fl 4 TOtfro it ti 44 toto, artefacts and figures have maintained a remarkable historical
f4ror 4k 3Hitfd4 r4 f4wr TOrrogro 4 U.rd^iPH^ Ihahti % f4fw continuity.
41v to! tottot froro ti
Toys can be grouped according to the material from which they
Rslvil-ll % TOl} 4 y-HTOI 44 Tf TTWl % 3TJTTK 3-4 d'lT^d Ptori TO are made, for example, clay, wood, bamboo, metal, cloth rags,
TTOTO tl TO*HUI 4? %TT- f4z41, TOTO (dTOtl), Rig, 1jn4 4M-TOf4 paper, papier mache and others. These materials are easily
TOF5F, TOTTO, TOFTTO 44 yJTOt 4k 3TTO TORTTl I 4 TTTRTff 3TRTFft 4 TORTOR available, inexpensive and safe for children to play with. Toys can
also be classified according to the region or states to which they
4141 4 ttto to41 414 % tototo*t toto! 4t 44t4 % %t tj4«to 41
belong.Traditional toys depict animals, birds, fish, human figures,
4141 ti RsidldT to!, toTtot t4to1 to to4 % srpn 41 cuffed froro
abstract forms and miniature items of everyday use articles such
TO TTOTO tl RTOTTOT RsTdH TO?J, r41, TtJefl, TOTO 3TTf44TO. 3R}4 TO as cooking vessels, ritual objects, etc. There are also musical
sfk yPdPdd rof 3r4WI tor]4-44 rtot4 % toRt, TOjrorkTTO tori4 snf4
and mechanical toys, mobiles, dolls and a host of others.
rof y^P^ld tot4 ti to41to?rto 4k toItoto frofr4, iiPd^Dd 'jfediiP ttto
Among the clay toys from the Indus civilization, the bull and the
to4 sto tot! to ytot4 4 41 Rsidlt 414 ti
monkey are perhaps the best known. These toys, though more
kkj tototo 4 tto 14^41 % Pa4141 4 4k tor, « toUtoto than 4000 years old, have not lost their ability to interest and
Trfrog ti to Ha<4141 4 4000 r4 4 344Rr ■jtfI 414 m 41 arq4 sift charm children and adults alike. In Assam, there is a tradition of
■?44 tojcT rr4 ct^tf tor! 3t4 "toto! r4 •hhh tot 4 3hi<*>P4<i rr4 r4 preparation of clay toys for children. These toys are abstract in
form with pinched features and pierced designs. In Bengal, Gujarat
3Tt41 arTcTT <s44 d41 ti 3tto 4 tor! 4> Pdo. 14341 4) Radl-l tot4 a4
and Bihar there are painted clay toys with colourful decorations.
TORT tl 4 Pa did dJ^R PdaPdd f44lTOTT3Tf 3tR TIRTTOTOl Pddl^dT RftcT
From Krishnanagar in Nadia district of West Bengal the clay toys
T3TO trtof ttra; 414 ti toto, q,dOd 3t4 f4?R 4 t44t trtto % tttto
are delicately shaped to form realistic human figures and create
f4fTO f4r41 % Padl-1 4f4 ti mPhr tort 4? RTfroT f4^ %
miniature village scenes. These toys are costumed to depict
4t f4?41 % Rg4l4 r4 dM, tot m41Ji fro f4f4d to4 atr tottItot the traditional dress of various communities and occupational
HHd 3H|cjiPdgi aHlPdd TO4 4j 3<t^dl 4 3TT3TO TOJTd Pdidl dldl tl groups.
^ Padl'dT r4 , totottItot TO[4f srh: f4f4R r^irT r4 totofttt tTT^RT
There are a large number of toys which are made of locally available
r4 y^P^Id to4 tj 4^i4rt34 4 3rt4rt Iron tott ti
R?R-Tf feeM t fRgF Wt % %TI WhFr RR R dMd«*T RlRRgF resources, such as twig figures from Bihar, the painted wooden
RI y'-HiJI n=h*4l RK1I t ^ f«6K RF gi^FdHI, gFfTRT % fgfRR toys from Odisha and the coconut shell tortoise with moveable
rr % fFuFrF 3rk fRgR rtt rFrttFr ftR gk ^ gfga rtFtrrt r? head and tail from Bihar. The Kondapalli toys from Vijayawada
#FT ^ RRT RRS3TT, 3RR R^TT % fRRRRTRT fRRt % ^Nirdl FFrHFF- district in Andhra Pradesh provide an array of figures dressed in
RFsR M^MI. \R h«U. RFet RRTRT 3fh 3RR RfcJ % spEgf R7t qRfRd the local costume engaged in activities such as cooking, churning
milk, drumming and others familiar to village children. From
gfgfgfggt' g ogRf, rrtRt %t*jrt 3' SRffR 3ti<frM % sRRS
Chennapatnam in Karnataka state, wood and lacquered toys are
f^TTR RF TOjR RT?F tl RhUr tfr % iFriHcHH f tTrrt, eihr<k
prepared in delightful bright colours.
W R, Rid (RRsl) % rF sfk tFrR RRR ffRctF RRTTT Rnt t l
In India, a wide variety of grass and bamboo is available and
rtr t rtr ark rFr % FrFrr urk thher t sfk R# rerF % Fgnj;
is also used for the preparation of toys for children. Sikki grass
feRR «MlH % feiy ygld t TTTRT RRT tl Pd6K rFF FhRRI RTR, 3RRT
from Bihar, which is sometimes coloured, is bent and woven into
TR RT RJRT tFrF # RRT gt RT Rg RT^fcRf sFFt zIrPtr)' %
intricate shapes of animal figures and baskets. A variety of rattles
RfeR RIRRF t «Hidi RRTT tl gi^Pddi RI Hill trF- RR51, gfggf
and musical toys are also made for children out of natural material
3TR fgzzt tF, rerF % ItR; FrFrr rrttt % ^h^-F sjFr tttFr rtu gF
like reeds, leaves and clay.
PlRfd Iry, girl tl
Old cloth rags are used to prepare toys for children. They are
■'pot rrs % rW-rF^ cTr^F' rF gF rerF' % fgrg R§efFt rrtF t$j
often decorated with touches of gold and silver tinsel such as the
gtFg f RTRT RRT tl 1pRR rFt TTRTRTR g gRTR Tjggg ggj Rgg,1d1
toys from Gujarat and Rajasthan. For very small children, cradle
gfRtF tF gt Radl-F gra tft ti gird Rt rerF % fgg hm-F rt rtrt decorations and mobiles in cloth with mirror work, shells and
rtF rtrt ttrtrzF rtr str riei rFF rrt| tF Rgt rt gfF gfen>fld tassles are still popular in Gujarat and other parts of India.
RTgrfdgT', TRT t cRTlt YR R<rdd REj gFg ftTRT 3TTR gF rdFRRld tl
Toys are also associated with rituals—with children dressing the
feefFt, sfjrrF' ^ gF tFt t- ^ gst, gfegj^ rF r^-hI, dolls for festivals such as Janamashtami, Dussehra, etc. Children
<vi6<i rtt c4Fei<T % fRg; tgR ggt t, RRTT'gfgd ggt ti re# #Rt with their keen and poetic imagination make toys for themselves
ggg ggt gtggR 3fR rt^t rrrt iF ^rr' % ftro; fFgctt ggt ti while they are playing. A stick is transformed into a magnificent
^ gg ijrF ri-rk Rtt rt ^ipcw^iictl ggg % gg t Hpidrtd tF rtrF horse or into a mighty bow. It is the child who transforms the toy or
tl t RER tF iFt t, rF RsleiF-F RT gfeRT rF TTRT RRT rFrr (TRRR) doll and gives it a life of it’s own.
RRR g><F tl
Technological innovations have overshadowed the traditional
rrrFrFF rrFrFrrrt t gigRR fedfFdF % g??R rF rr rt fgRT ti toys, yet the art of making such toys still exists in many parts of
fRT gF RddFdl' rF RRtF rF RRR gRd % Rfd ^ ggff g gjR India.
gF TdPdd tl
We hope that the small collection of toys presented in this Package
■gg RmT rrr t fR fg t%R t ggjd fectdl' rr itg-g girg- ggt will provide inspiration to understand the aesthetic and beauty,
^?t % ggF gtgiF' g ^trer tgrcttF' % FrIrr ggrtF' g 1%gF grgggd the traditional technology and mechanics in the vast variety of
RRrFr, riFrirF, fiF-gt rFr str ^<di rF gggt % fRg tgRT ggn toys available in all regions of this country. CCRT will attempt to
rFrti gF gF str zF-rert tg RsieilF rrfF rt y<t)g> ttiR fFRefFdF g bring out a series of Cultural Packages on ‘How-to-make Toys’ for
children. Each package will focus on a particular material such as,
ggRR itF rtrF gg fRFtrR gigrfF g?; gRRR rtcFrt, ^F-rrrr. fgzzt,
paper, clay, grass etc.
Rig gilti
3^T ST^MlMchT <-ci-11 cM cfc 11(a(c<Finn CREATIVE ACTIVITIES FOR STUDENTS AND TEACHERS
l. *?RiT % hmPc|5| k Rsiefi'-I Pi h f >j i ig fTRpriw ?r?Tf
1 ■ On a map of India, mark the following cities which are famous
3T%?t =t-TlPm,i n ^ttt ^rrkt fedPT
for toy production. Give descriptions such as name and type
'TT cfuj-i cFlPm.1 <4<^I6<U||S4 f%dHT % gm. ggpR gggg gpqrff of toys, material and technique used for making toys in each
cRh!'* 3Tlf^ :- of the cities :
'clKluml Varanasi
dlSMdo Lucknow
Mathura
pTl1<S'l<o Chittorgarh
^TsiHircil Kondapalli
f^C Trichur
'Hiqflcjisl Savantvadi
Trivandrum
d q ^ch ci i Sheopurkalan
#TT Muraina
Chennapatnam
Pif'Htd Tirupati
Bastar
ti1mi<hmmi Gopalpatra
Birbhum
Bankura
Trkrspjr Gorakhpur
qKrkq< Baleshwar
qo^d Charial
dikid Warangal
3}FF% ^FT % ^kn, 3HIMcpl ksldlH fTHful % Tlkk k 3T^ You may add to these places as you explore other cities by
visiting them.
^I5<1 ^>T “TcTT qd rf^ "FJpft k dpcb TR 'kte <{11^1^1
2. h<m<i‘ici Ra dl-iT f1 fftR fff wi R fttr fttR ftRi ^iRif 2. Explain the scientific principles used while making certain
RTjJTFI FTT F^Rf FlfRyj traditional toys.
3. RadWl R RfTfF fRfFF MHlfuich ftftstF, dMITsFuT. ^PftiqT. Tf^cfr',
3. Collect various mythological stories, anecdotes, quotations,
qiPqaisff, RfRf, PshIRRi' Rfr tRft RfRf ff w? fITfui 3ttf tfR songs, poems, dohas, couplets, folk tales describing toys. You
’ft RfRl fR TFFTFTT STFF fe-llHI % TTW FT! TF^S FT TTFtR may also try to compose poems and songs on your collection
t'l of toys.
4. M’FF FTToR ft' fR^R % FTTRTFTftl (FFFR fR^R) FkF fFFF FT 4. Prepare a handbook on the ‘Art of Clay Terracotta’ through the
TTTJRfFTT ftFTT cfTlpHU,! 3TTF TT?R Ft Ff FHF4(1 Fit 3#TF7 TjFTmF ages. You may add line drawings and photographs to make it
fftR % Rtf; ^ttR ItshPf^ Rfr fRRtttftt Ft R ttftR ti more informative.
5. 3FF “FjHM fR MF (341PfK) RR RtfRt (F7FRF) ” fR FTeTtR 5. You may prepare a teaching aid on the story of ‘Invention and
FT FFT ^tfSFFT TTfTFFT FIFtfl RfTT FTT TTFTR f'| production of paper’.
6. TT*T £TTT FFTF FTTF FTTf FTTF % FTIFFTF FTT Rf TTTFffFF FRfRtT 6. Organise a visit to a hand-made paper factory and make a
RR TTF FR1 FFTF FlR FTcf FTFR FFT fRRt R fR FTTFF Ft FFTTFF comparative study of hand-made paper and machine made
(IRfRt) FTT FrFTTFFFT St’FFF fRPfU.1 paper.
7. FH'M Ft fFf’FF FFFTFt Fft FJFt Fit ydfiacl fRIRtti 7. List and document the various uses of paper.
8. FTTTF R 3TTF fFF fRRRR Fit FFI 7TFtR t, FFFR TjFt FFTfF RR 8. Make a list of toys you can make with paper—describe how
$R FR FFTFT Fldl 1?, they are made.
9. RffRRfl (FTFTF FiFf) FFT RRRPd'il Fit FTFT Fit ffFFTF Ft fFFTT 9. Classes may be conducted to teach the art of Origamy
°FTFFTfTFT FTFtR FTTFIRtF Fit FTT TTFTFt t FFT FT FT if FfTT Fit F^ and stencilling. The materials prepared in this class can be
FTWt fRRf Fit FT TTFTTft Rl displayed.
10. FFTTT FTFTF ft FF Radii'll Fft T^TcT R TJFYfR FTFTfTri 3FF F^FTt 10. Put up an exhibition of toys made of waste paper. School
% WFt Fit Ft §F*1 FFT RR Ft IcIV, FTTFIff fFTFT FT 7TFTFT Rl students of other schools may be invited to participate.
11. FTcJ % Radii FFtR Fit F^fF Fit TTFflTTil FT7J % Radii FFtR FT 11. Find out the traditional method of ‘cire perdue’ in making of
fdrr MRFF FRtFT Rff FlRm R TlR FTR RfR R 7FJFTF-FTFTJ metal toys. Try and collect information on the technique and
MRFKT RR 3FF RTFTFFcff RFf R TPJFF FFiRtFi 3TR FTgRl FT method used by Mals—a small community found in Bankura,
West Bengal and other adjacent areas for making metal toys.
FTHFrrft rfRff fRRfri
12. W#T "H^^RTT cldl fdTd dft SRT ^«TcTT3ff t}' dT^ dTH 12. Make a comparative study of the traditional toys found in
feefw ^eHirH<* sruRH «+nr«im ancient Indian and other civilizations of the world.
13. NTfife ai^bduT sfk c4)*k)' 3 3rqcRT HsmIhT 47 41-1440 y+P>id 13. Collect information on toys used in rituals and
4p)p4t!,l festivals.
14. PH'+ddH Tjfe^TT WM dPl 4T41 dTp' sk fdfdd %T^T3Tf ^ 14. Visit the nearest dolls museum, observe and learn from the
costume dolls about the lives, geo-physical features and
^d'did Tjfedtstf dTT 34c|ell<+>H d4 WH fddfd % dffcR, 'HOllPd'h
culture of people living in a particular place.
fsi^'1Md13Tf 3TI7 fddlRldY dPt y'^fd % fwi -HiPslU.I
15. On your visits to other places, towns or states, collect
15. SRT Wdi'P Wt' dl TFdf d4 #(1 Idd* ^ 47, 441 % 4747T44
information on traditional toys and dolls.
HsmIO sfk Tjfedf % fddd 4' >4Hchip) 4<hpHd dTp'l
16. What toys can you make with the following materials :
16. 3714 pTRfdlfeTt TUHiil 77 =b)d—fecflO 441 ■M'hd "f :
Material Toys
TJTWt PlslcHH
Saw dust
47147
Coconut shell
HlP.4d d4 7dfdl
Sea shell
77JJ4t 77t4
Grass/bamboo
WTl/dlTl
diM-sl % ^710 ddiS Old pieces of cloth
17. Write a story in the first person of:
17. 444 if pHHlTchd W 47 d7?T4t fdT7i' :
: how clay got transformed into a toy monkey;
: Pisicil-) 44< % 744 4 PHddl P|t7) Hp<4P0d
: dPfeNddfl 0 Ot= dPt de-il/d-ll 4->0 fecTPlT 44 441I : how a branch/trunk of tree became a toy in Kondapalli.
: ftltf 77*-4cll 4 dl'O 7pt ^[44 4T 37tf4dTl 4T7J d4 idSI d>?$37T : how a piece of metal became a tortoise or deer in Odisha
41 f7741 44 4411 or copper bull in the Indus Civilization;
18. 47*41 dPt c^3 74^’ ■$ dffori 47^47 74^ dPt fdfdd 4447 dft 4744) 18. Divide the class into a number of groups, each group may
dd 44t4 d<P) Tpl diH-^-chH dtd 47 4T7 Radi-) 44lO % PcIV, be encouraged to make at least 3 or 4 toys using a variety of
materials.
dPfTTTfld f%4T 4T 774741 tl
19. 31hTI % WTf ?mlRcb ^ ^ fcjchdl'l RT 19. Encourage your class students to work with street children,
% STTfife ^ sT5^t’ % RR RTTR % fdTT physically handicapped children or those belonging to
ylcuilsd ^i «c^=il ^rt cni'ici qff diaifl ^ Rsldl^ *rhi economically deprived sections of society. They can take
fWFTT ^n R^RTT tl inexpensive material and teach them to make toys.
20. Organise activities for children to make scrap books, collect
20. s$m1 % fTTT Tint (f^T5T ■jMdO 'SFTFf £g, RfRT 3 fed^TT
or make toys to set up a small toy museum in the school. All
WfTePT WrfTO #T %TT Rsjdl-} tlRR ^FTdt #TJ TlfdP=lf*RTT
the toys can be kept in a box and labelled and the students
STFTtl^RT ohlPn4,1 2RTf Radhl ( HIHhM) dTRR TdT dT
can take these to other schools.
■H^cll f sffc dTR SR? f^idT i' tft ^ ^T f |
Organise quiz programmes on :
: RsmI-} tcf 3PJ^T RTWh
Materials used for making toys
: Radi^1 ddiy ^i*-1 RTdt ^'16 % dTTI Name of place where the toy is made
: Radi^ «mH T y^'+d ddiTldi I : Technique used in making the toy.
CENTRE FOR CULTURAL RESOURCES AND TRAINING
15-A, Sector-7, Dwarka, New Delhi -110 075
Phone : [phone], Fax : [phone]
email : [email protected], website : www.ccrtindia.gov.in
1d?q dr qdt qrqf d qd fdkqq dyFieiqt d qfqqq qlra dr qiflqi qfq^ fdFR ftqq qiqdt d fqqqft qrq qd ai^ei q*g q^ eids
fdd d qqd qid Raefl-t Id qq qqrd |i qq, ^TFeftfrq qqdr, qqi fqq qei^n qnqr ftaeilt qqid dr Rm,
qqfq d enqi qM li ?q y-isfl qteft fdqqr qqiq qiq qd anqrdqr
4. sfreqr qra^, d^Tq-ilei, qrfdqrr, qf?^m dniH qd'd qn rsmq |, fqqd arqqq Tjfeqik, FTdt, eiqqrid qi^ qfddtei
feeftd qqik qjd |f
qfqqq qqret dr qrflqT fdet dr <ji«jih‘k d qql qrat Fneel qft
ifeqil qqi fddtd aiqd qrqrq afk qqrdqiqt Pf^i^h % 8. ^q^HI, qm, rjrTT
fdri qftqs li fdqW qft 3Rgfq dr %q; ?q tdeftlt' qft
MKUiReb %HT%
qqid dr fqqr qp qiqqilt qft 3qqqqqrqi Itlt li 3TcT: ?q fdeftdt fddq qqrq qft eidteft qrq atk Fdeff (Ffeqf) qd qqqd |qq
Traditional Toys q ifeqiaff qft q?qei FTqt d fdfdq fqrqT qmi li dd fddtd qqn afk rjq qrq dqt qgir dt qqid qidt I, fdqqq fdltq ayqtq fru
dr fdtr qqpftq q|t "i^ft" dr fdrqk qft fdeel qft qqtq d enqi li qtq qq?i qq qqq feqiTFq dr frit dr qrqqqq feeftd Fq qra
qrtcn li qdtqr tjfeqi qft add qiqqilt d fq^flq fqrqi qnqi li dr qqq a<iF<ui li y-qidi afk fdrqmkqqi qq ^q fdqq frr Itt
?q tdeftlt qd fiiHi-qd: “dqTiqT ifedf” dr qrq d qni qrqi |i d qiq; qqd qrd Itaeil-i) qft fdfdqqi d qqqq fm Ii Ifqqr dtqq
fqqq d%qr q|qq It ItqT li qft qqjaq d qieiqr dt qi, anqqq afk qiqdt lodi I qqq qq
1. «RT,
FRk dfldt qR^ilt q fqieqqren aqfl d fid qkqd qd qqFkt qri
qqrjq fdq d Fq iq> qiqqr dltqqrR qft 1^3 qqrq It Fd qiaei
qftisjq qra Fkn li
in id] % cm4 <^eii t^t hmc( tt^cii f^tcul irt yi-cRi i?i qiqqr qiq dr qqfdq qrq d «imi ■dmi li qiqqr dr FTq d * 1 * * * it41 qq
"TT sldi 3nif4 sHIT vj1|4 c||<^ "% <^l4 % iTT^ qiqqr qra I, fdd qrdt-qrdt n,q>dKi dr qiq d It 'dm -dm li frit d Fd Fdeel d qd qqdr Fjq?p d etqrq fdltq %-qfq ary-q
^4f % R+HkY TT 3TRTHt 3 dMd<*T ^fTcT *T#T fwt TTcrffe qiaq qiqqr qfqqqq qfqq Itq qd It qrqt qi^ dtq qi drqrs fif qft qfdqt d qq ^q^qt qft
wM ti fdfdqqi qra Itdt li iq^d, fdfdq aqqrkt afk qfqndf d fqqd
I~1R5 eileilyTy dr aqqrR dr ltd I, irs qd fill qd aqqrfdq
^TRrT 3, W#T 3 Ft foSjS ^T WiFi H %ofeT ^TTTcT (qcR) 5. rftq qiR'Ud rq?T mq, sdfddtT
qqd di fkik qqqd qq eiiq>i4i qrai li trif fdq d ff Fjq^qf qri
sHi') % Rm siR^ «i4'i, chdi^, Tn^ (fss4), trt^I c^^tt
qqq d qiq qqi afqqfqq qqt d Ifqqr qqtq d and qiqft atk q^nqlt FFeii y=bi< I13 qqrd It
3-fk RslcriM ®RT^ % lol^ RtvHI ^TRTT TFT i?l
qi^k qft dqr qidtq qfqq li ifqr ?q fdfd d qre dd qrat
F^TT T) pHcid) % ^4 Tt^7 ^ft 3Tc4cf ^TTcTf4^ yfd^fcl ¥RT
qqrq qft qiqdt qri qqtq fqrqi 'didi I, aiq; aqq ^q qqrq qft qrdlq 9. Raeitqi fis) , ^ira
i3 ti
q^jl qqqw q|f li qikqqi qra d r^pqq 3dqkf dr qqtq dr
FF ds< TTgr qfq FI ^ qq fid Fqd qqsjji) d 3iqd Itdt fdis qreqqmteTFi, iqqirqqrqi, qdkrqi 3fk q^mi d FKdtq
qnq qd ftucftd dtqddtq qrq d dqqr ltd li ipq qft q^rfd qft
Fidt d fftfi fan Ii aqq iff ff fiaefhi qdt qd amt adi RsieftHi fqqfqT qd qqfqq qrqn qrfeq li frf d fdfqrq qqrqtqd'
ffe-qrcr, qd irs qqrt dr feiq qqtq d end qft qqi qqr qiqqi?qqr
3imR}d frft Ii qq qdki qrqdr fdfdq qqrR dr eiqrlt dr qd Raeit-i) qft FFid q^q
dgfe It qqiq qrqft li
ffri qlt Ii
ifeqid afR fiqqftd Itqfqqr qqi |q qrqiaft dr qdq d wqqr fd^
2. ^ITOT, IJiqfldl
qieiqr dr qq d ff feeffqi FTlt, fli dfld d Fiqq fdqnei
ltd I dd-qnq dr fdfdq q|dt qft qrqi-qrqq qft dfdqi aqfli
eiqrlt dr qq qq qdf qd qdtqr qqqq qqgq qrq qqrdt I, fdRl Iti
qdt iflqrd afk P^edd amd andq qn dtF ltd dr qiq-qrq qq^q fdq d, Fq dtq qfd^ qrq| qft aq^rfd qd qqrd I dt
qft q^qq -ijkf qft qftqi Fini d fqqrieid qqq iFqrnjdqr qqrqi
fdaqqq dt ltd If ff fJ4HH qreqqr eitqr afk qRqfdqrqT % qqR Fd iq q Ifsit, q i^q qi q dteiq qft fd^n Id It
qTffl |l
% qfq 4ql qft Flfd qrid qrid I, qFI qod llll -hRhj<I d qi|F Ft
ir® Raeftd q^dt qd qqqqr dtqq dr %is; Ifr qnd Ii
mem d qrai qriF 'll arqdt iqqirqqrFi qd ysPdn qrid % fdk 6. cf^OT 3dr TRIIMtij}, qrfTHFT rq^T ■ETTO, dlP^yil
y«js fdq d, qrra qft qqt Raeilai kill |<gl qi qqrdt I, dt
qfpr sra lit qf fdfdq qiqfqqf I d qqd qm I- imqq ark
qqqq: qieiqr qq rffii qTFq Ftm Ii aqq dt, Fd qqqf ?ri qifddf
lee-flq fdzkti qqq d aMd<*i aifqqridi qdrqqq feeitd, Pf^ifh afd qqid
qqi q^ad qd end dt qid dr Fem, fdrqicqqr Itqefld dr qq d
qdt aik d Id qq qqrd qiet ftiqq ffi mqr qi In a el d qdt d qrjqq qqrdtqr dr dq d arfgdtq ltd It qqidtq dk qr Fiq qq
y^qq fqrqi qiqT Ii
aq^fqqt ftt ihr-fish qrid fft te4>iar> FFtd % Peiy, ad qqqqi -qmi qrq aftqkt qd qqfq qrrd qqiq qqd qid Fq ftqeftdt sro qro
I ff qi Ideal d It qrq FqRFTeft an^ddqi It ffi| quit li frf aqjqq qd q-l Iqrd qr adl• it ski fdfdq fqnr ^ qqiq
% qfq ImK fdFdt sri fdfdq qqqd au^PFlt qd q^q % qqd qirjdd dr ftaeftdf dr qiq <jqiqi q|t qft qn qqrdti 10. urre, adflkiT
% feiy, qlt aq^fqqt qtt qq| Kglie dr qq | It qqtq I qic) ll iii4lui dtqq d q^j qqr nerq^I itdqq fqqid I atk ttff dr
Fq qqeid qqq d, qqroqq feeftlt dr ftf qdki qqd qqq aiqq^
qror d> qcdqr qqiq q? qqq qiqft fneel inq qqf qf 3q=(>fqqt qrr fdqifqqt d Fqdr qfd fdqsqf 3qqr|q ItFi li q^q-d qiaff qq'dt iqr fdq qqrR qq Itfdqr fdqR Raeil-d ?RI Idiaiqi qj qqrqT |i
q?qq afk stdqqqi qtt deft fq=t-Rqq ltd li feeld wdtq fqrqqiad' dr qiq qqt qkdt'd qiq qqd 11
iRga fdq d, ff ftwif eiqrlt dr feeftdf qft kteft fi amufoi
aqq nefi ^d It qffq, adfgqrr d qrftqei ^ei qrq qq, RqiqFd qqid It eiHqrdt qfeqf |ig qqrd Ii f^ qr^i sraqi m tr -jiqktq
3. faqrrq, dn^feT, trfrEnr drrrqf dr fern, qqtq fqrqi rqiqj niRq^i ^ei qrq qd isq> ^Ffdrq qr fqrqi qi qqrqi | afk FFdr Feiy, ^isi qin qd aqqFqqrciT dt
qqiqr qnqi I afk 3qqqc |qt qwlt d '/441k, Fit, aqq Fit Ii Fidikqr Pyefidt qi dt te qdtqqq qRqreqqiaff
pHeet, qj^r qft y^ild qft H I afd qF q^q It aqqrlt d
qi (qrqqi) 3fk euqrid qieft qfqqkq ri8^ qlt i^i qqik afk qft fi qqtn It il I, F^eiy, q#ftqrqq qi qn q Itqri
wrot I, fqqqn qiqqq d qdq d dqq qqtfqqr qft^q iq' qqqff
qqd li qqjq fdq d ff qiftqqi qra qiq d qd It FpFq Raefld-i^qr aqqrqjf qr^lt qratt dr qqiq, qdkrai afk ffif qq qi qn t|qi
aq^fqqt dqt fqfqq qqlt % Rid, qqtq fqjqr qidi 11 qroftq
qr^an afk q^r qqqr^j |® qqrd li qrai Ii
Raefldi fqqfqr qrsRt Fheel d dqq erqrlt, dqqq qqqq, qrql dr
eqill (fdqt), dd, qra aSk qk? dr sd iq iqd flq dr qqrq
7. Frsft, fflcWFit dra, fd?TT 11. <5e^q, >*msi , yPnioi
dqrR qqrat ddt qqmq q?dqr aMd«q qqqqt dr fddtd qqd li
fdeftd qqd dr ltd qqqrr a|^q qqqt qft 3qqq qqiq qqqi, fdfdq qiHMd: qlwra Pisidld aiqiqiqii qqqtq?qr qqrqqqiaff (fdqkf) qi qidki qqq d, frf d feeftd qqd dr fdk qidf qri qqtq fqrqi
qrqq sir qqqft qqqqqqrqi qq fdqrra qqqr Ikn li d feeftd, aqqikci ltd li ’pdf qft ykt* qiq qft fdqqft, qidqr qd afk tit qiFT 1FI li FRF dr qiFIPlF kaeftii fqqfFiaff d qi id q^
qqqf dr qqqrq afk qqiqq (qqqqi) fdi qq 3lr f^^ii|q qqi qqrTTi qd y-qwi, qqqtfdqi qft qq qr fdrr qdkqq dr fdrr Fieri qi qqrqi qd fisteitD dr mi d qqid dr Rriy, y,<id qrqlt qri i^qi qqtq
3lk tqfq dr fdfqrq qF^att qft qqqd errl li I. aqqiR f|qT qi qqrqj qj qqiqr qj qqrqT || asiS<ul dr fdro; fqrqi Ii firmf: d qidtq frf dr qqqf dr fqq fentd afk
qqq dr qcdqr y<fq d kqqfkft qft iqr fdfqre qiqq qi| qidl li qfdeiqii dr ^deideefl fdd dr qqqjqlt qqq qr qiqiqq qiq qd dkq'jd qtqfd Ii
qqgq fdq d, Fq qfdqq d'uei dr qifqqi fdd dr ^qiqq*: dr l^qq qnqq fd?q qft qqffdqr -niqi qzifqi qqi| qrdt li qqp fdq d ff id qq d qdt-qdt, dnn d andfru, fir ftri
q^aqt qT fqrqpr qft iqr ^rq qfq^rfq |^q qqrd It qF dt ad-ii It aiTFqdqqqr | fqr aiqdt tdfdell fdqqreH dr (eiy, qft iqr t|eFF ^rq qd I13 qqrd !i