Traditional knowledge of Mexican continental algae

32 Pages·2001·13 MB·English

by  Jose Luis Godinez

JournalofEthnobiology21(1):57-88 Summer2001
TRADITIONALKNOWLEDGEOFMEXICAN
CONTINENTALALGAE
JOSELUISGODINEZANDMARTHAM.ORTEGA
InstitutodeBiologia,UNAM
Apdo.Postal70-233,
04510Mexico,D.F.
GLORIAGARDUNO,MARIAGUADALUPEOLIVAANDGLORIA
VILACLARA
EscuelaNacionaldeEstudiosProfesionales
CampusIztacala,UNAM
Apdo.Postal314,
54000Tlalnepantla,EstadodeMexico
ABSTRACT.—Acatalogoftheknowledgeanduses(medicinal,nutritional,soil
improvement,phytopathology,industrial,agriculturalandcattleranching)ofthe
Mexicancontinentalalgaeispresented.Twoofthe56ethnicgroupsregisteredin
Mexico,theNahuatl(StateofMexico)andtheMaya(Yucatan)aretheoneswith
themostusesandinformationaboutthisresource.Thetaxonomicgroupsmost
usedarethefollowingclasses:Cyanophyceae(8spp.),Chlorophyceae(9spp.),
Bacillariophyceae(2spp.),Xanthophyceae(1sp.),Charophyceae(2spp.)and
Rhodophyceae(1sp.).
Keywords:freshwateralgae,Mexico,etymology,uses.
RESUMEN.—Sepresentauncatalogosobreelconocimientoyaprovechamiento
ficologicodelasalgascontinentalesmexicanas,elcualincideendiferentesaspectos:
alimentacion,medicina,fitopatologia,demejoramientodelsueloypecuarioy
usosindustriales.Delos56gruposetnicosregistradosparaMexico,sonelnahuatl
(EstadodeMexico)ymaya(Yucatan)losquepresentanunmayorconocimientoy
utilizacion delrecurso. Las clasestaxonomicas encontradas fueronlas
Cyanophyceae(8spp.),Chlorophyceae(9spp.),Bacillariophyceae(2spp.),
Xanthophyceae(1sp.),Charophyceae(2spp.)yRhodophyceae(1sp.).
—
RESUME. NouspresentonsunpanoramageneraldeI'emploiethnobotanique
desalguescontinentalesmexicaines,ainsicommeleurutilisationdanslanutrition,
lapharmaceutique,I'ameliorationdusol,phytopathologieetI'industrie.Des
cinquante-sixculturesconnuesauMexique,cesontlesMayaetleNahuatlqui
presententlaplusgrandetraditiondansI'usagedecetteresource.Lesgroupes
taxonomiquesavecleplusgrandnombrederegistressontlesCyanophyceae(8
spp.), suivies des Chlorophyceae (9 sop.), Bacillariophyceae (2 spp.),
Xanthophyceae(1sp.),Charophyceae(2spp.)etRhodophyceae(1sp.).
INTRODUCTION
SeveralancientMexicanculturesdevelopedincloserelationtowater.Examples
58 GODINEZetal. Vol.21,No.1
oftheseculturesaretheNahuafromtheValleyofMexico,thePurepechasfrom
Patzcuaro,MichoacanandtheMayafromtheYucatanPeninsula.Thesecultures
valuedthenaturalwealthoftheirhomelandsandknewhowtouseit.Butnot
onlydidtheMexicanindigenousancestorsappreciatethenaturalresources,the
Spanishconquerorswhoarrivedlaterlefttestimoniesofthemanyvirtuesthey
foundonthelandofAnahuac^andotherregions.
Theobjectiveofthisresearchistoprovideinformationrelatedtotheusesand
namesofthecontinentalalgaefrompre-hispanicandpost-hispanictimestothe
presentday.Theautochthonousandvernacularnomenclaturewasourfirstsource
ofinformationabouttheusesofcontinentalalgae.Thisresearch,writtenasacata-
log,isaguidetotheunderstandingofthevernacularnomenclatureofalgaeas
wellastheirgeographicaldistribution,habitat,anduses.Suchconcepts,includ-
ingetymology,havebeenwelldocumented.Thisarticleregistersthedifferent
vernacularnamesinNahuatlandMayalanguages;itincludesancientandmod-
emSpanish,scientificnames,andsomerecentresearchonsomeofthealgae.
METHODOLOGYANDFORMAT
Theinformationaboutalgaefoundinthisresearchandreflectedinthebibli-
ographywasobtainedbyreviewinghistoricalsources: ancientmanuscripts,
dictionaries,andrecentpublications.Thedatahereinreportedalsoincludethe
authors'directobservations.Additionalinformationfromsomeherbariumswas
included.
Thecatalog'sstructureconsistsofsixsectionsforeachname.Thefirstsection
consistsofinformationrelatedtoautochthonousandvernacular(common)no-
menclature,etymology, andothernames.Thesecondsectiondocumentsthe
chronologyofavailableinformationfromthe16thcenturytothepresent;textual
paragraphstakenfromfacsimilesorrecentre-editionscanbefoundinthissec-
tion.Taxonomicinformation,generallydowntospecies,isincluded,althoughin
somecasesonlyaninterpretationofitstaxonomicidentityisgiven.Theupdating
ofbiologicalnomenclature(shownbetweenbrackets[...])ispresentedaccording
toOrtega(1984)andSilvaetal.(1996),exceptfortheCyanophyceaewhichfol-
lowsKomarekandAnagnostidis(1989)andAnagnostidisandKomarek(1988).
ThethirdsectionindicatesMexicandistribution:state,inalphabeticalorder,fol-
lowedbyacolon,thenthemunicipality[Mpio.:]andlocalities.Wherepossible,
weincludeavouchernumberofaherbariumspecimenwiththenameofthecol-
lectororcollectors,thenumberofthecollection,thedateandherbarium'sofficial
registrationnumberwithitsacronymorinitial,accordingtotheIndexHerbariorum
(Holmgrenetal.1990).Thefourthsectionindicatesthehabitataccordingtothe
typeofenvironment,substrateorbiologicalrelationship.Ifnoinformationexists,
wespecify'notprovided'.Thefifthsectionprovidestheusesofthealgae,orthe
existingresearchregardingtheseuses(inhumanoranimalnutritional,medicine,
industry,soilimprovement,andsoon),andthenatureofthefinishedproduct.
Thesixthsection,ornotes,hasbeenincludedinmanyoftheparagraphsasameans
ofexplainproblemsregardingtaxonomy,nomenclatureoruses.Weappendalit-
eraturelistonalgae.
Summer2001 JOURNALOFETHNOBIOLOGY 59
CATALOGUE
Commonname:Algafil.
Etymology:Spanish.Commercialname.
Chronology:MendozaandPino(1964)didresearchwithalgafilandidentifiedit
asChlorellasp.
Distribution:Notprovided.
Habitat:Notprovided.
Uses:IncreasesthepigmentationineggyolksofLeghornhens.
Note:Byproductoffermentation.CommerciallypreparedbyAbbotdeMexico,
S.A.laboratories.NotproducedinMexicoanymore.
Commonname:Amoxtli(Figure1).
Etymology:Nahuatl,atnox-tli,writingbook(Karttunen1992:11).
Othernames:amotnoxtli,amoxtle,gelatinadeagua'waterjelly'.
Chronology:Sahagiinin1571(1971:221,fo.220)writes:"Thereareurronas^float-
inginthewater,calledtecuitlatloracuitlatloragoquitloramotnoxtli,ofa
lightbluecolor;whenthick,youspreaditonashesonthefloorandmake
'cakes'.Youcantoastitandeatit."("Hayunasurronas,quesecriansobreel
agua,quesellamantecuitlatlo,acuitlatl,oagoquitl,oamotnoxtli,sonde
colorazulclaro,despuesqueestabienespeso,ygrueso,cogenlo,tiendenloen
elsuelosobrecenizaydespueshacenunastortasdeelloytostadaslascomen.")
Ortega(1972:93,95)claimsthat,"Someonefromthatplace[ZumpangoLake]told
usitwascalledgelatinadeagua'waterjelly'oramoxtle."Orteganamedit
NostoccommuneVaucherexBometetFlahuault.
CastelloYturbideetal. (1986:73, 190),quotingMrs.GuadalupeSanchez,from
Tlahuac,D.F.:"Diega,mygrandmother,hadacanoe,shewouldrowamong
thechittampas'floatinggardens'tocollectamoxtle:shewastheonlyonewho
knewhowtoprepareit.Shediedin1966."("MiabuelitaDiegateniasucanoa,
seibaremandoentrelaschinampasarecogerelamoxtle;soloellalosabia
preparar.Murioen1966.")
Distribution:StateofMexico:LagunadeZumpango,MM.Ortega65,12Oct.1970
(MEXU86).
Habitat:Floatingonthelagoon.
Uses:Edible.
Note:ItisnolongereatenbythepeopleofZumpango.ItisstillusedinBolivia
(Halperin1967)andPeru(Aldave-Pajares1969).TheZumpangolakewasdried
outandre-filledwithrecycledwater.
Commonname:Chilacaxtli(Figure2).
Etymology:TheoriginalMexicantermforitisnotknown;nevertheless,Karttunen
(1992:3,51,52)mentionstheterms:chilach-tli,seedofthechilipepperplant;
ach-tli,possessiveof-achyo,seed.;chil-li,chilipepper.Possibly,seedofthe
chilipepper.
Othernames:Chilacastle,chilacascle.
Chronology:Robelo{chilacascle,1941:384)andSantamaria{chilacastle,1978:491)
considerittobeaplantthatgrowsonthesurfaceofacequias'causeways'and
stagnantwater:AzollacarolinianaWilldenow[AzollafiliculoidesLamouroux].
60 GODINEZetal. Vol.21,No.1
FIGURE1.—Aiiwxtle[NosctoccommuneVaucherexBornetetFlahault] waterjelly
floatingontheZumpangoLake.
EspinozaAbarcaetal.(1985:61-62)collectedthisplantinMixquic,D.F.inDecem-
ber,1980;itwasusedasgreenmanureandwasidentifiedasAzollafiliculoides
Willdenow in symbiotic associationwithAnabaena azollae Strasburger
[Trichormusazollae(Strasburger)KomareketAnagnostidis].
Distribution:FederalDistrict:causewaysnearthetownofMixquic.Michoacan:
Mpio.Morelia:Morelia,G.Arsene3177,4Oct.1909(MEXU185015,186276,as
chilacaxtli).
Habitat:Gutters,causeways.
Uses:Greenmanure.
Note:Thereisconfusionbetweenthetermschilacastleandchichicastle.Bravo
HoUis(1930:7)indicatesthatthefirsttermisusedbothforAzollaandforLemna,
anditisusedasduckfood.ButLotetal.(1999:37)attributethetermonlyto
LemnagibbaLinnaeuswhosevernacularnameis:chilacastle, lenteja and
lentejilla,termsusedintheFederalDistrict,andusedasduckfoodandas
manureonthechinampas.Martinez(1979:284)saysthetermchichicastle
referestoL.gibba.ForEspinozaAbarcaetal.(1985),Azollafiliculoidesisaplant
thatcapturesatmosphericNitrogenthroughitssymbiosiswithAnabaena.The
oldestreferencetochilacaxtliisfoundonaherbariumsamplecollectedbyG.
Arsene(apriest)in1909andidentifiedasAzollacaroliniana,asynonymof
Azollafiliculoides.Surely,thechilacaxtliorchilacastleisusedasgreenma-
nure[Azolla]andchichicastle[Lemna]asduckfood.Itiseasytobeconfused
becauseAzollaandLemnafrequentlygrowtogetherandtendtointertwine
(Bravo1930:7).
Summer2001 JOURNALOFETHNOBIOLOGY 61
FIGURE2.—ChilacastlefloatingonthecanalsofMixquic,Xochimilco,D.F.(March23,
1972).
Commonname:Cuculin(Figures3,4).
Etymology:PossiblyaNahuaterm.OrozcoyBerra(1798:153)indicatesthatcuculito
delagua'watercuculito'isaderivationoftheMexicantermcuculin.Robelo
(1941:362)statesthatthecocolliisacomandbeantamaP,preparedwith
honeyandusedbytheIndiansoftheValleyofMexicoduringreligiouscer-
emonies.
Othernames:Cuculitodelagua,cocol,cocolin,cocoldeagua'watercocol'.
Chronology:Molinain1555(1966:328)statesthatthenamecuculin,meanswater
viscosityorediblethingwhichgrowsamongcertainaquaticplants.
Hernandezbetween1571-1575(1959:395)writes:"FortheIndians,cocolin,astrong
smellingmanure,isabrownsubstanceproducedintheMexicanlake,which
floatsonthewaterandlooksandsmellslikeslime,fromwherethenamecomes.
Indianssellitanduseitasfoodwhentheyareextremelyhungrybecauseit
hasafetidsmellandisnotagoodthingtoeat."("Llamanlosindioscocolino
seacienodeolorfuerte,aciertasustanciapardaqueproduceellagomexicano,
queflotasobreelaguayessemejanteallimoydeolorparecidotambien,de
dondelevieneelnombre.Lovendenlosindiosyloempleanensuscomidas
parasaciarsuguladecualquiermanera,puesexhalaunolorfetidoyes
alimentodanino.")
OrozcoyBerra(1798:153)writes:"TheIndianscallitwaterfoamanditiseaten
todayunderthenameofcuculitodeagua'watercuculito'whichisaderiva-
tionoftheMexicanwordcuculin."("Losindioslellamanespumadelaguay
consumenelproductoactualmenteconelnombredecuculitodelaguapalabra
estropeadadelmexicanocuculin.")
62 GODINEZetal. Vol.21,No.1
Ortega(1972:91,93,figs. 14-19) identifieditasPhormidiumtenue(Meneghini)
GomontandChroococcusturgidus(Kiitzing)Nagelli,inhiswritingsonLake
Texcoco and inhis observations inmarkets inCoyoacan, the Merced,
Zumpango,Cuautitlan,Tlahuac,Xochimilco,XaltocanandTexcoco.Theau-
thorsaythatwhileinthemarkets,thefishmongers[women]toldusthatthey
soldtamales(Figure4)calledcocoldeagua'watercocol'madeofasortofgel
foundonthewaterandthatwethoughtwastheoriginaltecuitate.
CastelloYturbideetal.(1986:74)gatheredinformationfromDonaJuanaGarciain
Xaltocan,StateofMexico:"InXaltocan,theysaythattheacocolissomekind
offoamwhichisgatheredfromthewaterinbaskets,itiscleanedandmixed
withsomeherbs,salt,anddriedchilipepper;cornleavesarethenspreadinto
thismixture.Theyaresteamcooked,justastamalesare,thisiswhytheyare
calledtamalesdelodo'mudtamales'.Wewouldeatthemontheirownor
withsomethingelse."("EnXaltocan,dicenqueelacocolesespumaquese
criaenlasuperficiedelagua,sesacaconunacanasta,selava,semuelecon
epazoteychileseco,seleponesalylamasaseextiendeenhojasdemaiz.
Luegosecuecealvapor,comolostamales,poresollamantamalesdecocolde
lodo.Loscomiamossolooenguisado.")
Distribution:StateofMexico:Mpio.Ecatepec:surroundingsmallcausewaysof
theTexcocolake[the"Caracol"],f. Gonzalezleg.MM. Ortega 64,5Nov.
1971(MEXU100);externalcanalsoftheCaracol[SosaTexcocoCompany],J.L.
Godinez,24August.1982(MEXU1246),Sept.1982(MEXU1493,1494).
Habitat:Ontequesquitesoil'*ofthecanalsandsmallcausewaysoftheTexocolake.
Uses:Edible.Duetoitsnutritionalimportance,someauthorsdidresearchonits
generalchemicalcomposition(SalcedoOlavarrietaetal. 1978a),protein
(SalcedoOlavarrietaetal.1978b)andsomeinorganicelements(Godinezetal.
1984).Itsnutritionalvaluedidnotlieintheproteinsbutintheinorganicele-
mentssuchascalciumandiron.
Preparationoftheproduct:Ortega(1972:93)saidthat:"FishermenformXaltocangather
thecocolformwaterpuddlesandcanalsonceitismatureorwhenthelayerof
algaeisthickenough.Itiscollectedbyhandorwithveryfinenetswoventheold
Mexicanfashion.Thealgaeiscarefullywashedtogetridofthemud,thenitis
mincedinmolcajetes^andseasonedwithherbs [Chenopodiumambrosoides
Linnaeus]orparsley[PetroselinumhortenseHoffman],slicesofgreenchiUpepper
[CapsicumannumL.var.acuminatumFing]orguajillochili[C.annumL.longum
Sendt.]andanimalfat;itisfinallysteamcookedandcoveredwithcomleaves.
Thisdish,whensteamed,becomesbrownishred,hasastrongsmeUanda"damp"
taste.Itiseatenwithtortillas'flatcomcakes'andmole^,anditisquitenice."
Note:CastelloYturbideetal.(1986:74)wrotethatthetamalescanshilbefoundin
Tonatitla,andadded:"Duringthe70'sitwasstillpossibletobuythesetama-
leswiththefishmongersinmarketsinCuautitlan,XochimilcoandTexcoco."
DuringatripneartheTexcococanalsandmarkets(November17,1984),J.L.
Godinezfoundnotracesofthisproduct.Itisverypossiblethattheynolonger
exist,justasOrtega(1972)indicated:"InXochimilco(November15,1970),an
oldladyandsomevendorstoldusthatthecocolhasnotbeenseenforap-
proximatelyeightyears,thatitisquicklydisappearingduetowaterpollution
[bysewage]andbecausethelakeisnowdry."
Summer2001 JOURNALOFETHNOBIOLOGY 63
—
FIGURE3. Cocolin[Phormidiumtenue(Meneghini)Gomont]collectedfromtheSosa
Texcococanals(October,1982).
FIGURE4.—Tamalmadeofcocolin.
64 GODINEZetal. Vol.21,No.1
Commonname:Conferva.
Etymology:Linneanname,meaning,"madeoffreefilaments"(Steam1992:389).
Chronology: PoncedeLeon(1909:20)nameditConferva chantransiaLinnaeus
[Lemaneafluviatilis(Linnaeus)C.Agardh].
Distribution:Sinaloa.
Habitat:Notprovided.
Uses:Notprovided.
Commonname:Chonak.
Etymology:Chonak,verydampthing,ovas'algae'(averyfinefilamentousaquatic
plant)ofthelake,freshwaterfilamentousslime,filamentoussubstancegrow-
inginstagnantwater{DiccionarioMayaCordemex1980:107).
Othernames: Choonakil,ucho"nakilha,waterovas{DiccionarioMayaCordemex
1980:107).
Chronology:Ortegaetal.(1995:xvii)interpretthesenamesasChlorophyceaeal-
gae.
Distribution:YucatanPeninsula.
Habitat:Freshwater.
Uses:Notprovided.
Note:TheDiccionariodelaLenguaEspanola(1970:954)indicatesthatova,fromthe
Latinulva,referstounicellular[pluricellular]greenalgae,whichcanconsist
ofsimpleorbranchedfilaments,orlargeandleafyblades,ornarrow,like
bands,growinginthesea,riversorponds,floatingonthewaterorfixedtothe
bottombyrootlikeappendixes."Ovaderio"refers,therefore,tofreshwater
algae[possiblyfilamentousChlorophyceae,Cladophoraceae]and"ovama-
rina"toalgaewithlaminarexpansionsortubularhollowbands,almostalways
branched, found in sea andbrackishwater [possiblyUlvales such as
EnteromorphaandUlva].
Commonname:Diatomadecopos'diatomstufted'.
Etymology:Spanish.Diatomareferstodiatom,commonnameforanalgaeofthe
classBacillariophyceae;coposrefertotuftorclot.
Chronology:MartinezGracida(1891:24)nameditConserva[Conferva]pectinalisO.F.
Miiller[Fragilariadiophthalma(Ehrenberg)Ehrenberg].
Distribution:Oaxaca.
Habitat:Notprovided.
Uses:Notprovided.
Commonname:Diatomaerguida'stiffdiatom'.
Etymology:Spanish.Diatomareferstodiatom,commonnameforanalgaofthe
classBacillariophyceae;erguidameansstiff.
Chronology:MartinezGracida(1891:24)nameditConserva [Conferva]striathum
[striatula]J.E.Smith[Fragilariastriatula(J.E.Smith?)Lyngbye].
Distribution:Oaxaca.
Habitat:Notprovided.
Uses:Notprovided.
Commonname:Espirulina'Spirulina'(Figure5).
Etymology:Spanish.FromtheLatinspira,eachoftheturnsofaspiral.Common
nameforamemberoftheclassCyanophyceaeorblue-greenalgae.
Summer2001 JOURNALOFETHNOBIOLOGY 65
Chronology:Since1967,aftertherecognitionoftheexistenceofSpirulinageitleri
DeToniinlakeTexcoco,SosaTexcocoCompany,incollaborationwiththe
FrenchInstituteofPetroleum,studiedandcultivatedSpirulinafortwentyyears
(SosaTexcoco1976:6).ResearchonMexicanSpirulinaduringthe1970sand
1980swasextensive.ThebibliographycanbeconsultedinOrtega(1987).
FIGURE5.—ProductsmadeofSpirulina.
66 GODINEZetal. Vol.21,No.1
Distribution:StateofMexico:Mpio.Texcoco:EvaporadorSolarElCaracol/
Habitat:Itisfour\dinwaterplanktonincanalsfrom"ElCaracol."
Uses:Humanandanimaldietarysupplement.Highcontentofproteins,minerals
andvitamins.Santillan(1982:42)indicatesthatmorethan50productswere
elaboratedwithspirulina(capsules,tabletsandpowderedSpirulina).Ortega
(1987:175)statesthattheyreachedaproductionofalmost1000tonsperyear.
Thealgaewereexploited,bysemi-naturalcultivation,bySosaTexcocountil
80's.Duringthe1990thiscompanygraduallyceaseditsproduction.Formore
informationseeSantillan(1982)andOrtegaetal.(1995:186-190).
Commonname:Iximha.
Etymology:Mayalanguage.Ixitn,corn;ha,water:watercorn{DiccionarioMaya
Cordemex1980:275).
Chronology:DoctorRomanSabasFlores(inBriosoVasconcelos1923:544)describes
itasfollows:"TheplantknowninthepeninsulaasIxinha[Iximha]isChara
gymnopusA.Braun[CharazeylanicaKleinexWildenow]."
Distribution:Yucatan:Izamal.Veracruz.
Habitat:Indeepnaturalpondsandothernaturaldepositsofpermanentwater.
Uses:Researchonharmfulinsects(HoffmanandSamano-Bishop1938a,1938b;
Pelaez1947)hasfoundarelationshipbetweensomealgaeandthelarvaeof
organismssuchasAnophelespseudopunctipenisandA.albimanusWied.,which
aremalariavectorsinregionsofOaxaca,VeracruzandYucatan.Theeffectof
thealgaeontheselarvaewasfirstobservedbymedialdoctorLisandroDorantes
(inBriosoVasconcelos,1923:544)incenotes'doline',deepnaturalpondsin
Yucatan.BriosoVasconcelos(1923:546)triedthelethaleffectofthealgaeon
larvaeoffivespeciesofChara[Ch.fragilis,Ch.foetida,Ch.contraria,Ch.hispida],
includingCharagymnopus.Hecultivatedthealgaeinordertocontrolthespread
ofmalaria(byAedescalopusandCulexsp.mosquitoes)duringtheanti-malaria
campaigns inVeracruz andYucatan. Dr. Connor (in BriosoVasconcelos
1923:546)underlinesthepresenceofanactiveingredientinC.gymnopuswhich
destroysthemosquitoes'larvaeinbarrelsandtanks.
Commonname:Lama'slime'.
Etymology:Spanish.FromtheLatinlama,soft,looseandstickyslime,ofadark
color,foundatthebottomoftheseaorrivers,oratthebottomofplaceswhere
thereis,orhasbeen,waterforalongtime.Algaeor"ova"ofslimyplacesor
puddles(DiccionariodelaLenguaEspanola1970:784).
Chronology:GonzalezCoss (1872:314) called itConfervafontinalis Linnaeus
[Vaucheriafontinalis(Linnaeus)Christensen]andConfervarivularisLirmaeus
[Cladophorarivularis(Linnaeus)vandenHoek].
Gonzalez(1876:32)calleditByssusflos-aquaeLinnaeus[Anabaenaflos-aquaeBrebisson
exBometetFlahault];ConfervabullosaLinnaeus[Cladophoraglomerata(Linnaeus)
Kutzingvar.crassior(C.Agardh)vandenHoek]andConfervarivularisLirmaeus
[Cladophorarivularis(Linnaeus)vandenHoek].
MartinezGracida(1891:24)calleditConserva[Conferva]bullosaLinnaeus[Cladophora
glomerata(Linnaeus)Kutzingvar.crassior(CAgardh)vandenHoek],Conserva
[Conferva]flosaguae[flos-aquae](Linnaeus)Roth[Anahaenaflos-aquaeBrebisson
exBornetetFlahault], Conserva [Conferva]pectinalisO.F.Miiller [Fragilaria
diaphthalma (Ehrenberg)Ehrenberg],Conserva [Conferva] rivalaris [rivularis]