8th edition Trademark Legal Care for Your Business & Product Name by Attorneys Stephen Elias & Richard Stim always up to date The law changes, but Nolo is on top of it! We offer several ways to make sure you and your Nolo products are up to date: 1 Nolo’s Legal Updater We’ll send you an email whenever a new edition of this book is published! Sign up at www.nolo.com/legalupdater. Updates @ Nolo.com 2 Check www.nolo.com/update to fi nd recent changes in the law that affect the current edition of your book. Nolo Customer Service 3 To make sure that this edition of the book is the most recent one, call us at 800-728-3555 and ask one of our friendly customer service representatives. Or fi nd out at www.nolo.com. please note We believe accurate, plain-English legal information should help you solve many of your own legal problems. But this text is not a substitute for personalized advice from a knowledgeable lawyer. If you want the help of a trained professional—and we’ll always point out situations in which we think that’s a good idea—consult an attorney licensed to practice in your state. 8th edition Trademark Legal Care for Your Business & Product Name by Attorneys Stephen Elias & Richard Stim Eighth Edition august 2007 Editor RichaRd stim cover design susan PutnEy Book design tERRi hEaRsh Production saRah hinman Example illustrations John millER & hEathER snydER indexer victoRia BakER Proofreading Paul tylER Printing dElta PRinting solutions, inc. Elias, stephen. trademark : legal care for your business & product name / by stephen Elias.-- 8th ed. p. cm. includes index. isBn-13: 978-1-4133-0699-6 (pbk.) isBn-10: 1-4133-0699-3 (pbk.) 1. trademarks--law and legislation--united states--Popular works. 2. Business names--law and legislation--united states--Popular works. i. title. kF3180.Z9E43 2007 346.7304’88--dc22 2007013018 copyright © 2007 by stephen Elias all Rights REsERvEd. PRintEd in thE usa. no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher and the author. Reproduction prohibitions do not apply to the forms contained in this product when reproduced for personal use. For information on bulk purchases or corporate premium sales, please contact the special sales department. For academic sales or textbook adoptions, ask for academic sales. call 800- 955-4775 or write to nolo, 950 Parker street, B erkeley, ca 94710. Dedication i dedicate this book to my mother, the late Edna Elias-Johnson, and to stanley and dorothy Pearson. they don’t make ’em like they used to. Steve Elias Table of Contents 20 Frequently Asked Trademark Questions ...............................1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................9 1 A Trademark Primer ......................................................................................................................11 Trademarks and Trademark Law ......................................................................................................13 Basic Principles of Trademark Law ...................................................................................................17 The Role of Federal Registration in Protecting Trademarks ..............................................23 Not All Business Names Are Trademarks ...................................................................................26 Trade Name Formalities ........................................................................................................................27 Trade Dress and Product Designs ....................................................................................................31 Sources of Trademark Law ..................................................................................................................35 The Difference Between Trademark and Copyright ..............................................................36 The Difference Between Trademark and Patent ......................................................................37 2 Trademarks, Domain Names, and the Internet ...................................................39 How to Clear and Register Domain Names ................................................................................40 What to Do If the Domain Name You Want Is Already Registered ..............................44 Domain Names and Trademarks ......................................................................................................46 Other Trademark Issues in Cyberspace .........................................................................................47 3 How to Choose a Good Name for Your Business, Product, or Service .................................................................................................51 Anatomy of a Product or Service Name Trademark ..............................................................53 Distinctive Names Make Legally Strong Trademarks ............................................................54 How Trademark Law Treats Marks With Common Terms ...............................................55 What Makes a Distinctive Trademark a Legally Strong Trademark? .............................57 Guidelines for Making a Mark Distinctive ...................................................................................59 Marketing Considerations When Choosing a Name Mark ...............................................67