Tracing the Boundaries between Hindi and Urdu: Lost and Added in Translation between 20th Century Short Stories

318 Pages·2009·1.73 MB·English

by  Everaert

Tracing the Boundaries between Hindi and Urdu
Brill’s Indological Library
Edited by
Johannes Bronkhorst
In co-operation with
Richard Gombrich, Oskar von Hinüber, Katsumi
Mimaki, Arvind Sharma
VOLUME 32
Tracing the Boundaries
between Hindi and Urdu
Lost and Added in Translation between
20th Century Short Stories
By
Christine Everaert
LEIDEN • BOSTON
2010
Cover illustration: ‘TajTaj’, © Willy Everaert.
Th is book is printed on acid-free paper.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Everaert, Christine.
Tracing the boundaries between Hindi and Urdu : lost and added in translation
between 20th century short stories / by Christine Everaert.
p. cm. -- (Brill's indological library, ISSN 0925-2916 ; v. 32)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-90-04-17731-4 (acid-free paper) 1. Short stories, Hindi--History and
criticism. 2. Short stories, Urdu--History and criticism. 3. Hindi language. 4. Urdu
language. 5. Literature, Comparative--Hindi and Urdu. 6. Literature, Comparative--
Urdu and Hindi. 7. Translating and interpreting. I. Title.
PK2042.E94 2010
491.4'3--dc22
2009045829
ISSN 0925-2916
ISBN 978 90 04 17731 4
Copyright 2010 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, Th e Netherlands.
Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing,
IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in
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printed in the netherlands
CONTENTS
Preface and Acknowledgements ............................................................. xi
Guide to Transliteration ....................................................................... xvii
Introduction ............................................................................................... 1
I. Practices of Codifi cation ............................................................... 14
I.1. Introduction ........................................................................... 14
I.2. Hindi and Urdu as treated in the existing
grammars and language courses .......................................... 15
I.2.1. List of the grammars and language course
text books ..................................................................... 15
I.2.2. Th e changing nomenclature in the
titles ............................................................................... 17
I.2.2.1. From Shakespear to Vinson:
1818–1899 ...................................................... 18
I.2.2.2. St. Clair Tisdall: 1911 .................................... 20
I.2.2.3. Greaves: 1921 – Dann: 1928 ........................ 22
I.2.2.4. Saihgal: 1938 versus 1958 ............................. 24
I.2.2.5. Bailey: 1950–1956/1978 ............................... 26
I.2.2.6. Bender: 1961 (1948)–1963 ........................... 27
I.2.2.7. McGregor: 1972–1992 .................................. 28
I.2.2.8. Snell & Weightman 1989 – Matthews &
Dalvi 1999 ....................................................... 29
I.2.2.9. Colloquial Hindi 1996 – Colloquial
Urdu 2000 ...................................................... 30
I.3. Conclusion .............................................................................. 30
II. Th e Authors, Th eir Stories and the Stylistic
Diff erences ...................................................................................... 32
II.1. Introduction .......................................................................... 32
II.2. Premcand ............................................................................... 34
II.2.1. Background and education ..................................... 34
II.2.2. His times .................................................................... 35
II.2.3. His language .............................................................. 37
II.2.4. Th e selected stories ................................................... 40
vi contents
II.2.4.1. Manovṛtti/Apnā apnā kh̲ ̲āyāl ................... 40
II.2.4.2. Ātma saṃgīt/Nagh̲ ̲ma-e-rūḥ ................... 50
II.2.4.3. Kariśmā-e-intiqām/Kariśmā-e-
intiqām (Adbhut pratiśodh) .................... 55
II.3. Saʿādat Ḥasan Mantọ ............................................................ 57
II.3.1. Background and education ..................................... 57
II.3.2. His times .................................................................... 58
II.3.3. His language .............................................................. 59
II.3.4. Selected short stories ................................................ 61
II.3.4.1. Ṭhaṇḍā gośt ............................................... 61
II.3.4.2. Kh̲ ̲udā kī qasm .......................................... 63
II.3.4.3. Hindī aur Urdū .......................................... 67
II.4. Abdul Bismillāh ..................................................................... 68
II.4.1. Background, education and times .......................... 68
II.4.2. His language .............................................................. 69
II.4.3. Selected short stories ................................................ 70
II.4.3.1. Ādhā phūl ādhā śav ................................... 70
II.4.3.2. Siddīqī sāhib ............................................... 72
II.4.3.3. Ṭinnū kā tẹ lifon ......................................... 75
II.5. Gulzār ...................................................................................... 77
II.5.1. Background and education ...................................... 77
II.5.2. His times .................................................................... 77
II.5.3. His language .............................................................. 78
II.5.4. Selected short stories ................................................ 79
II.5.4.1. Kh̲ ̲auf ........................................................... 79
II.5.4.2. Rāvī pār ....................................................... 81
II.5.4.3. Zinda/Jīnā yahāṃ ...................................... 83
II.6. Qurrat ul-ʿain Ḥaidar ........................................................... 85
II.6.1. Background and education ...................................... 85
II.6.2. Her times .................................................................... 86
II.6.3. Her language .............................................................. 86
II.6.4. Selected short stories ................................................ 87
II.6.4.1. Fotọ grāfar/Photọ graphar .......................... 87
II.6.4.2. Jugnuoṃ kī duniyā ................................... 89
II.6.4.3. Malfūzāt-e ḥājī gul bābā bek tāśī/hājī
gulbābā bektāśī ke pravacan .................... 89
II.7. Sajjād Ḥaidar ‘Yildirim’ ....................................................... 103
II.7.1. Background education
and times ................................................................. 103
II.7.2. His language and style ............................................ 105
contents vii
II.7.3. Selected short stories .............................................. 106
II.7.3.1. Ek dost kī kh̲ ̲abar-e-wafāt sun kar ......... 106
II.7.3.2. Sīl-e zamāna ............................................. 106
II.7.3.3. Agar maiṃ sa̱ ḥrā niśīn hotā ................... 107
II.7.4. Th e linguistic features ............................................ 107
II.8. Bacan Śarma Paṇḍey ‘Ugra’ ................................................ 108
II.8.1. Background and education .................................... 108
II.8.2. Selected short stories .............................................. 109
II.8.2.1. Dillī kī bāt ................................................. 109
II.8.2.2. Kh̲ ̲udārām ................................................ 110
II.8.2.3. Rīsarc ......................................................... 112
II.8.3. Th e linguistic features ............................................ 113
II.9. Mohan Rākeś ........................................................................ 114
II.9.1. Background and education ................................... 114
II.9.2. His times .................................................................. 114
II.9.3. Selected short stories .............................................. 115
II.9.3.1. Bas stạ nḍ kī ek rāt .................................... 115
II.9.3.2. Śikār ........................................................... 117
II.9.3.3. Malbe kā mālik ........................................ 118
III. Linguistic Diff erences in the Short Story Corpus .................... 121
III.1. Morpho-syntactic changes ................................................ 121
III.1.1. Th e presumed open door:
the izā̱ fat-construction ........................................... 121
III.1.1.1. Th e izā̱ fat-construction in the
bilingual corpus ..................................... 121
III.1.1.2. Peculiarities ............................................ 131
III.1.1.3. Th e izā̱ fat in the Hindi and
non-bilingual corpus ............................. 132
III.1.2. Singular versus plural ............................................. 135
III.1.2.1. Formal Hindus, informal
Muslims?.................................................. 137
III.1.2.2. Special plural forms ............................... 139
III.1.3. Th e postpositions ‘ko’ and ‘kā’ ............................... 141
III.1.3.1. Attributives versus
‘kā’-constructions .................................. 142
III.1.3.2. Diff erent ways to express the
accusative case ........................................ 143
III.1.3.3. Personal pronouns + ‘ko’ ....................... 145
III.1.4. Th e adjective ‘jaisā’ ................................................. 146
viii contents
III.1.5. Verbal changes: change of tense ........................... 147
III.1.5.1. Th e Perfect Tense ................................... 147
III.1.5.2. Th e Imperfect Tense ........................... 154
III.1.5.3. Th e Present Tense ............................... 155
III.1.5.4. Th e Subjunctive and Future
Tenses ................................................... 157
III.1.5.5. Absolutives .......................................... 158
III.1.5.6. Double use of ‘honā’ ........................... 160
III.1.5.7. Imperative ............................................ 160
III.1.5.8. Progressive ........................................... 161
III.1.5.9. Imperfect/Perfect Participles with
or without ‘huā’ ................................... 161
III.1.6. Verbal changes: change of auxiliary verb ......... 162
III.1.6.1. ‘ānā’ (to come) as an auxiliary
verb ....................................................... 164
III.1.6.2. ‘utḥ nā’ (to get up) as an auxiliary
verb ....................................................... 164
III.1.6.3. ‘karnā’ (to do) as an auxiliary verb ... 165
III.1.6.4. ‘cuknā’ (to be completed) as an
auxiliary verb ....................................... 166
III.1.6.5. ‘jānā’ (to go) as an auxiliary verb ...... 166
III.1.6.6. ‘denā’ (to give) as an auxiliary
verb ....................................................... 168
III.1.6.7. ‘lagnā’ (to be attached to) as an
auxiliary verb ....................................... 168
III.1.6.8. ‘rahnā’ (to stay) as an auxiliary
verb ....................................................... 168
III.1.6.9. ‘saknā’ (to be able to) as an
auxiliary verb ....................................... 168
III.2. Syntactic changes ............................................................... 169
III.2.1. SOV ....................................................................... 169
III.2.2. (Lack of) punctuation and its consequences ... 172
III.2.2.1. Th e conjunctions ................................ 176
III.2.3. Diff erent kinds of pronouns ............................... 179
III.2.3.1. Interrogative pronouns ...................... 179
III.2.3.2. Possessive pronouns ........................... 181
III.2.3.3. Place adverb ......................................... 181
III.2.4. Negators ................................................................ 181
III.2.5. Th e emphatic and enclitic particle ‘hī’ .............. 182
III.2.6. Th e adverb ‘bhī’ ................................................... 185
III.2.7. Numerals .............................................................. 185
contents ix
III.3. Lexical changes .................................................................. 187
III.3.1. Th e open door: Sanskrit versus
Perso-Arabic ........................................................ 187
III.3.1.1. Th e nouns ............................................ 188
III.3.1.2. Th e adjectives ...................................... 189
III.3.1.3. Th e verbs .............................................. 190
III.3.1.4. Th e postpositions ................................ 190
III.3.1.5. Th e adverbs ......................................... 192
III.3.1.6. Th e conjunctions ................................ 192
III.3.2. Th e illogical changes ........................................... 193
III.3.2.1. Perso-Arabic words replaced by
Perso-Arabic words ............................ 193
III.3.2.2. Sanskritic words replaced by
Sanskritic words .................................. 197
III.3.2.3. Switches between English and
Perso-Arabic/Sanskritic ..................... 198
III.4. Orthography and phonology ........................................... 200
III.4.1. Orthographic changes ......................................... 200
III.4.1.1. Absolutive and Future ........................ 200
III.4.1.2. Postpositions and suffi xes .................. 201
III.4.1.3. Glides ................................................... 201
III.4.2. Orthographic changes based on
phonological diff erences ..................................... 203
III.4.2.1. Th e Perso-Arabic sounds ................... 203
III.4.2.2. Hypercorrections ................................ 205
III.4.2.3. Spelling according to
pronunciation ...................................... 205
III.4.2.4. Sound shift s ......................................... 206
IV. Th e Diff erences Reconsidered .................................................... 208
IV.1. Th e linguistic diff erences .................................................. 208
IV.1.1. Th e linguistic changes in
numbers ................................................................ 208
IV.1.2. Th e numbers translated ...................................... 209
IV.2. Th e nature of the diff erences and their
possible causes ................................................................... 212
IV.2.1. Th e factors ‘genre’ and ‘the topic
of the story’ ........................................................... 213
IV.2.2. Th e background of the author ........................... 215
IV.2.3. Convergence and divergence .............................. 217
IV.3. Translators’ styles and infl uences .................................... 221
x contents
V. Conclusions .................................................................................. 225
Appendix Th e Intertwined and Cleft Histories
of Hindi and Urdu
I.1. Introduction .......................................................................... 231
I.2. Th e birth of Hindi and Urdu .............................................. 233
I.2.1. Contact linguistics: what can happen when
languages are exposed to other languages ............. 234
I.2.2. Language contacts in the Indian subcontinent ..... 234
I.3. Language ideologies and the Communication
Accommodation Th eory ..................................................... 238
I.4. A short history of Hindi and Urdu: what’s in a name? .... 241
I.4.1. From the 8th to the 18th century:
irrelevance of script .................................................. 243
I.4.1.1. Hindi ............................................................. 243
I.4.1.2. Urdu .............................................................. 245
I.4.1.3. Hindustani ................................................... 247
I.4.1.4. Language policies ........................................ 249
I.4.2. Th e 19th century: trouble in paradise .................... 252
I.4.2.1. Language policy: the British and
Fort William College .................................. 253
I.4.2.2. Th e Hindi Nāgarī Movement .................... 257
I.4.3. Th e 20th century: the divide .................................... 259
I.4.3.1. Before Partition ........................................... 260
I.4.3.2. Aft er Partition ............................................. 264
I.5. Conclusion ............................................................................ 277
References ............................................................................................... 279
Index ....................................................................................................... 293