Trace Gas Emissions and Plants PDF
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Trace Gas Emissions and Plants Trace Gas Emissions and Plants Edited by S.N. Singh Environmental Science Division National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN 978-90-481-5554-5 ISBN 978-94-017-3571-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-3571-1 Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 2000 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. eJn toving memor:'V ot m'V mother: Contents Contributors xi Preface xv 1. GREENHOUSE GASES AND GLOBAL WARMING 1 R.M. MacKay and M.A.K. Khalil Introduction 1 Earth's Energy Budget 2 Greenhouse Gases 10 Climate Observations 12 Detection and Attribution of Climate Change 14 Discussion and Concluding Remarks 24 References 26 2. HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND AlMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 29 AP. Mitra Introduction 29 Atmospheric Environment: Role of Middle and Upper Atmosphere 30 Evolution of the Problem 31 Greenhouse Gases 33 The Changing Troposphere 39 Climatic Effect of CO, and other Minor Species 47 The Changing Stratosphere 48 Role of CFCs 50 Effects of Ozone Changes in Plant Growth and Photosynthesis 54 Impact on Man and Animals 54 The Middle Upper Atmosphere - Human Influences 55 Tropical Ozone 58 GHG Changes and the Middle and Upper Atmosphere 59 3. PLANT RESPONSES TO CHANGING CARBON DIOXIDE AND TEMPERATURE 63 AJ. Rowland-Bamford Introduction 63 Growth and Yield 64 Photosynthesis 66 Resource Allocation and TNC Changes 68 Water Use Efficiency 70 Conclusion 71 References 71 vii viii 4. SOME TREE RESPONSES TO CO ENRICHMENT 75 2 Derek Eamus Introduction 75 Assimilation Responses to CO 77 2 Temperature and CO Enrichment Interactions 81 2 Phloem Loading and Assimilation Sensitivity to CO 84 2 Stomatal Conductance Responses to CO Enrichment 85 2 Water Relations 87 Chemical Composition and Construction Costs of Leaves 90 Conclusions 91 References 92 5. INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF 0 AND CO IMPLICATIONS FOR 3 2: TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS 97 D.M. Olszyk, D. T. Tingey, L Watrud, R. Seidler and C. Andersen Introduction 97 The Pollution Problem: Co-occurrence of Increased 0 and CO 97 3 2 Summary l30 References l30 6. RESPONSE AND FEEDBACKS OF FOREST SYSTEMS TO GLOBAL CHANGE 137 Robert K. Dixon and Joel B. Smith Introduction 137 Materials and Methods l38 Results 144 Discussion 150 Summary 151 References 152 7. PLANT RESPONSES TO ELEVATED CO AND INTERACTIONS WITH 2 0 155 3 B. F. T. Rudorjf, Charles Lee Mulchi and Edward H. Lee Introduction 155 Ozone 156 Physiological Impacts of 0 Exposure 156 3 Growth, Biomass and Yield under 0 Exposure 160 3 Carbon Dioxide 164 Physiological and Biochemical Effects of CO Enrichment 164 2 Growth, Biomass and Yield under CO Enrichment 167 2 Combined Effects of 0 Exposure and CO Enrichment 169 3 2 Summary 172 References 173 8. CH EMISSION AND OXIDATION IN RICE PADDIES 181 4 Wang Mingxing, Li Jing and Xiong Xiaozhen Introduction 181 Results and Discussion 182 ix Methane Oxidation in Rice Paddies 190 Summary 192 References 192 9. METHANE OXIDATION IN LANDFn.L COVER SOn.S 197 Pascal Boeckx and Oswald Van Cleemput Introduction 197 Induction of Methane Oxidation 198 Properties of Methanotrophs 199 Factors Controlling Methane Oxidation 202 Aggregate Methane Oxidation of Landfill Cover Soils 208 Conclusions 210 References 211 10. NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURAL FIELDS 215 Katsuyuki Minami Introduction 215 The Budget of Atmospheric Nitrous Oxide 215 Mechanism of Nitrous Oxide Production in Agricultural Fields 220 Measurement of Nitrous Oxide Emission 221 Mitigation Strategy 224 References 228 11. CLIMATE CHANGE WITH INCREASING N10 FLUXES 231 S.N. Singh Introduction 231 Global Budget 232 Stratospheric Sinks 234 Biological Processes for Np Production 235 Factors Mfecting NP Fluxes 239 Mitigating Options 243 Interaction between N0 and CR. 243 2 Future Research 244 References 244 12. IMPACTS OF TROPOSPHERIC OZONE: PAST, PRESENT AND LIKELY FUTURE 249 E. Turcsanyi, J. Cardoso-Vi/hena, J. Daymond, C. Gillespie, L Balaguer, J. Ollerenshaw and J. Barnes Introduction 249 Impacts: the Past 250 Impacts: the Present 253 Impacts: the likely Future 260 Conclusions 265 References 266 x 13. INCREASED UV-B DUE TO DEPLETION OF STRATOSPHERIC OZONE AND ITS EFFECTS ON CROPS 273 Isamu Nouchi Introduction 273 Artificial UV-B Supplementation Apparatus 274 Visible Injury and Growth Reduction by UV-B 276 Effects of UV-B Radiation on Physiological Process and Morphology 277 Competition 282 Yield 282 Reasons for Difference in UV-B Response of Plants between Growth Chambers or Greenhouses and Field 286 Conclusions 286 References 286 14. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CLIMATE CHANGE AND NITROGEN DEPOSITION, WITH EMPHASIS ON AMMONIA 291 Th. A. Dueck and L 1. Van der Eerden Introduction 291 N Uptake and Metabolism 292 Effects 294 Relevance of Other Abiotic Factors 297 Conclusions 302 References 303 15. UPTAKE, TRANSPORT AND EMISSION OF AMMONIA BY THE PLANTS 309 R. D. Tripathi', U. N. Rai' and H. S. Srivastava' Introduction 309 Atmospheric Ammonia 310 Aquatic Ammonia 310 Uptake of Gaseous Ammonia 311 Transport of Ammonia in Plants 312 Ammonia Assimilation 313 Factors Affecting Uptake and Assimilation 315 Ammonia Phytotoxicity 315 Ammonia Emission from Plants 316 Model Simulating AImnonia Emission 316 Factors Affecting Ammonia Emission 318 Conclusions 320 References 320 Subject Index 325 Contributors C. Andersen United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Labomtory, Western Ecology Division, 200 S.W., 35TH Street, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA. Luis Balaguer Departmento de Biologia Vegetal I, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Jeremy Barnes Department of Agricultuml and Environmental Science, Ridley Building, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NEt 7RU, UK. Pascal Boeckx Department of Applied Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, University of Ghent, Coupure 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium. J030 Cardoso-Vilhena Department of Agricultuml and Environmental Science, Ridley Building, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NEt 7RU, UK. Oswald Van Cleemput Department of Applied Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, University of Ghent, Coupure 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. Joanna Daymond Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Ridley Building, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NEt 7RU, UK. Robert K. Dixon US Country Studies Program, CSMT, 1000 Independence Avenue, SW, PO-6, Washington, DC 20585, USA. Th.A.Dueck DLO Research Institute for Agrobiology and Soil Fertility, P.O. Box 14, NL-67oo AA Wageningen, The Netherlands. xi xii Derek Eamus School of Technology, Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales, NSW 2007, Australia. Colin Gillespie Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Ridley Building, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NEI 7RU, UK. Li Jing Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Academia Sinica, Beijing 100029, P.R. China. M. A. K. Khalil Department of Physics, Portland State University, Post Office Box 751, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, USA. Edward H. Lee Climate Stress Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA. Robert M. MacKay Department of Physics and Meteorology, Clark College, 1800E McLoughlin Blvd., Vancouver, Washington 98663, USA. Katsuyuki Minami National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences, 3-1-1, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. Wang Mingxing Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Academia Sinica, Beijing 100029, P.R. China. A. P.Mitra National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi - 110 012, India. Charles Lee MuIchi Department of Natural Resource Sciences & Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA. Isamu Nouchi Research Planning Division, National Institute of Agro-EnvironmentaI Sciences, 3-1-1, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. John Ollerenshaw Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Ridley Building, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NEI 7RU, UK.
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