Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants PDF
Preview Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants
Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants Edited by Victor Kuete Faculty of Science University of Dschang, Cameroon AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)HEIDELBERG(cid:129)LONDON(cid:129)NEWYORK(cid:129)OXFORD PARIS(cid:129)SANDIEGO(cid:129)SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SINGAPORE(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO Elsevier 32JamestownRoad,LondonNW17BY 225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA Firstedition2014 Copyright©2014ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic ormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem, withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,further informationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementwithorganizations suchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatour website:www.elsevier.com/permissions. ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher (otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperience broadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatment maybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingand usinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformation ormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesfor whomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assume anyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability, negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideas containedinthematerialherein. BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-12-800018-2 ForinformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteathttp://store.elsevier.com ThisbookhasbeenmanufacturedusingPrintOnDemandtechnology.Eachcopyisproducedtoorder andislimitedtoblackink.Theonlineversionofthisbookwillshowcolorfigureswhereappropriate. Preface Poisonous medicinal plants can affect the entire spectrum of organ systems in humans, with some plants having several toxic principles that affect different sys- tems. Africa has a rich and varied flora that includes a wide variety of plants with the potential to cause poisoning of animals and humans. The last three decades have experienced the boom of published scientific data on the pharmacological activities of medicinal plants. Furthermore, evidence of the toxicological properties is being intensively provided with considerable efforts by African scientists. Although there is a large amount of information in the veterinary field, human poi- soning appears to be less well documented especially when medicinal plants are concerned. Until now, there is no global standard book highlighting the toxic potential of African medicinal plants. In the previous standard book on African Medicinal Plant published by Elsevier 2013, we documented the pharmacological potencies of the medicinal plants of Africa, as well as their chemical constituents. The interrelationship of pharmacology and toxicology is important as therapeutic efficacy occurs at a lower dose, where overdosing can induce poisoning or severe sideeffects.However,toxicplantsmaycontainactivemoleculesthatdisplayuseful pharmacological effects. With the current emphasis on research and development of phytomedicines throughout the continent, it is imperative to be aware of and have some information on the harmful potential and toxic components of African plants.Priortoanypharmacological screenings, westronglyencouragescientists to search available literature for known toxic properties of plants of interest. In this book, we produced andcompiled scientific data on alltoxicological as well as ben- eficial aspects of African plants. In the first part of the book, from Chapters 1(cid:1)4, we provide baseline information for a comprehensive approach of the topics dis- cussed on African plants. Hence, we discussed at the continental level, the toxico- logical societies (Chapter 1), the ethical issues (Chapter 2), the review of the guidelines and methods (Chapter 3), as well as discordant results reported (Chapter 4). In the second part, from Chapters 5(cid:1)18, we discussed the acute and subacute(Chapter5)aswellasthesubchronicandchronic(Chapter 6)toxicities of plantsusedforhumantherapyinthecontinent,andwefinallybroughtoutinforma- tion about the toxic plants (Chapter 7), with emphasis of the effect at cellular level (Chapter 8). We also reported the effect of African medicinal plant on human genomeaswellastheirabilitytoleadtodeleteriouseffects ondevelopmentknown asteratogenesis(Chapter9),theirabilitiestoleadtocancer,knownascarcinogene- sis, and their toxic effects on the genetic material and the inheritance of these effects, known as mutagenesis (Chapter 10). In the second part, we also discussed the organ toxicity as well as protective effects of African medicinal plants, xxii Preface considered effects at the level of organ function such as the liver (Chapter 11), kidney (Chapter 12), heart (Chapter 13), central nervous system (Chapter 14), reproductive system (Chapter 15), skin and eyes (Chapter 16), spleen and lung (Chapter 17). In Chapter 18, we attempted to highlight African medicinal plants with good pharmacological potential and low side effects. In the third part of the book, we included knowledge on the potential toxic and protective constituents of African plant (Chapters 19(cid:1)21) in order to predict their possible side effects, even if their toxicity profiles were not investigated. Finally, in the fourth part, we ana- lyzed the physical (Chapter 22) and biochemical (Chapter 23) parameters involved in therapy with African medicinal plants. To place African research globally and forapossibleacademicuse,emphasiswasputonthegeneralknowledgeintoxicol- ogy, principle of the methods used in the screenings as well as their limitation, and tools for data interpretations. The topics of this book are of interest for scientists of several fields including Pharmaceutical Science, Pharmacognosy, Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Ethnomedicine, Pharmacology, Medical and Public Health Sciences, Phytochemistry, and Biochemistry. The highlight of this book is an exhaustive compilation of scientific data related to the toxicological and safety survey of African plants by up to top scholars from several countries. Finally, I would like to thank Molly McLaughlin, the Editorial Project Manager at Elsevier (225 Wyman Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451), Vignesh Tamil, the technical assistant, and Stalin Viswanathan, the production manager, for their help and fruitfulcollaboration. VictorKuete List of Contributors Adejuwon Adewale Adeneye Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria Akanji Musbau Adewunmi Phytomedicine, Toxicology and Reproductive Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin,Ilorin,Nigeria Roland E. Akhigbe Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology,Ogbomoso,Oyostate,Nigeria Afolabi Clement Akinmoladun Phytomedicine, Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, The Federal University of Technology,Akure,Nigeria Jules C.N. Assob Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UniversityofBuea,Cameroon Doriane E. Djeussi Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang,Dschang,Cameroon Jean P. Dzoyem Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of science, University of Dschang, Cameroon; Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences,FacultyofVeterinaryScience,UniversityofPretoria,SouthAfrica Martins Ekor Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UniversityofCapeCoast,CapeCoast,Ghana Wafaa El Sayed Abd El-Aal Professor of Pathology, National Research Center, Cairo,Egypt Esameldin E. Elgorashi Toxicology and Ethnoveterinary Medicine, ARC- OnderstepoortVeterinaryResearchInstitute,Onderstepoort,SouthAfrica Jacobus N. Eloff Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, FacultyofVeterinaryScience,UniversityofPretoria,Onderstepoort,SouthAfrica xxiv ListofContributors Aime´ G. Fankam Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang,Dschang,Cameroon Ebenezer Olatunde Farombi Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria Louis L. Gadaga Drug and Toxicology Information Service (DaTIS), School of Pharmacy and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, UniversityofZimbabwe,Avondale,Harare,Zimbabwe Ngueguim K. Glawdys Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, UniversityofDschang,Dschang,Cameroon Rebecca HammDepartment ofPharmaceuticalBiology, Institute ofPharmacy and Biochemistry,UniversityofMainz,Mainz,Germany Alfred Ekpo Itor Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang,Dschang,Cameroon Victor Kuete Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang,Cameroon Namrita Lall Department of Plant Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa Faustin Pascal Tsague´ Manfo Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,FacultyofScience,UniversityofBuea,Cameroon Armelle T. Mbaveng Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University ofDschang,Dschang,Cameroon Lyndy J. McGaw Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, SouthAfrica Edouard Akono Nantia Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, UniversityofBamenda,Cameroon Neville Mvo Ngum Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences,UniversityofBuea,Cameroon Jaure`s A.K. Noumedem Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, UniversityofDschang,Dschang,Cameroon ListofContributors xxv Dickson S. Nsagha Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences,UniversityofBuea,Cameroon EmekaC.OkerekeDepartmentofPharmacologyandToxicology TheophineChinwubaOkoyeDepartmentofPharmacologyandToxicology Ajiboye Taofeek Olakunle Antioxidants, Free Radicals, Functional Foods and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Al-Hikmah University,Ilorin,Nigeria Mary Tolulope Olaleye Phytomedicine, Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, The Federal University of Technology,Akure,Nigeria CollinsA.OnyetoDepartmentofPharmacologyandToxicology Armel J. Seukep Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang,Dschang,Cameroon Germain S. Ta¨ıwe Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, University of Buea,Cameroon Dexter Tagwireyi Drug and Toxicology Information Service (DaTIS), School of Pharmacy and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, UniversityofZimbabwe,Avondale,Harare,Zimbabwe Jean-de-Dieu Tamokou Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, UniversityofDschang,Dschang,Cameroon Simplice B. Tankeo Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University ofDschang,Dschang,Cameroon GeraldNgoTekeDepartment ofBiomedicalSciences,FacultyofHealthSciences, UniversityofBamenda,Bambili,Cameroon Francesco K. Touani Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University ofDschang,Dschang,Cameroon Yakubu Musa Toyin Phytomedicine, Toxicology and Reproductive Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria Danielle Twilley Department of Plant Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, SouthAfrica xxvi ListofContributors Phillip F. Uzor Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty ofPharmaceuticalSciences,UniversityofNigeria,Nsukka,EnuguState,Nigeria Igor K. Voukeng Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang,Dschang,Cameroon Qiaoli Zhao Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry,UniversityofMainz,Mainz,Germany 1 Toxicological Societies in Africa: Roles and Impact in Policy Making and Living Conditions Jules C.N. Assob1, Dickson S. Nsagha1, Neville Mvo Ngum1 and Victor Kuete2 1DepartmentofBiomedicalSciences,FacultyofHealthSciences,University ofBuea,Cameroon,2DepartmentofBiochemistry,FacultyofScience, UniversityofDschang,Cameroon 1.1 Introduction Africaand other developing countries are experiencing a risein both informal min- ing especially artisanal gold mining and other fluctuating informal industrialactivi- ties that are often situated within communities and surrounded by the mainstream population. This, together with the increasing population migration and rapid urbanization that encompasses a wide range of anthropogenic activities, contribute to environmental degradation and pollution. The high prevalence of infectious dis- eases such as lung diseases, tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome coupled with the malaria endemicity make the popu- lations of Africa and other developing countries more susceptible to the toxic effectsofpollutants[1]. Human exposure to persistent toxic substances (PTS) including both toxic metals exposure and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) exposure can be from either natural sources, current industrial activities, past industrial activities, or anthropogenic activities. PTS have the ability to exert negative health effects that are often subtle, long term, sometimes transgenerational, and difficult to measure, even in large epidemiological studies. Furthermore, the continuous consumption of unsafefoodfollowingpesticideandchemicalexposureremainsamajorglobalpub- lichealthchallenge,especiallyinAfrica,wherethereisheavyapplicationofavari- etyofchemicalsyetsolittleavailabletoxicologicaldataonthechemicals[2]. Althoughnecessarymeasureshavebeentakenbydevelopedcountriestocurbboth the exposure and the effects to toxic substances, developing countries in general and Africancountriesinparticularstilllagbehind[2].Generally,thevariousgovernments in Africa have enacted policies and institutions with regard to the use and control of ToxicologicalSurveyofAfricanMedicinalPlants.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800018-2.00001-7 ©2014ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
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