Toxicological survey of African medicinal plants

742 Pages·2014·16.964 MB·English

by  Kuete, Victor

Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants
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Toxicological Survey of
African Medicinal Plants
Edited by
Victor Kuete
Faculty of Science
University of Dschang, Cameroon
AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)HEIDELBERG(cid:129)LONDON(cid:129)NEWYORK(cid:129)OXFORD
PARIS(cid:129)SANDIEGO(cid:129)SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SINGAPORE(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO
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Firstedition2014
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Contents
Preface xxi
ListofContributors xxiii
1 ToxicologicalSocietiesinAfrica:RolesandImpact
inPolicyMakingandLivingConditions 1
JulesC.N.Assob,DicksonS.Nsagha,NevilleMvoNgum
andVictorKuete
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 ToxicologicalSocietiesinAfrica 2
1.2.1 AfricanSocietyforToxicologicalSciences 2
1.2.2 SocietyofEnvironmentalToxicologyandChemistry 4
1.2.3 WestAfricanSocietyofToxicology 5
1.2.4 CameroonSocietyforToxicologicalSciences 5
1.2.5 The“AssociationTunisiennedeToxicologie” 6
1.2.6 TheEgyptianSocietyofToxicology 7
1.2.7 TheAfricaEducationInitiative(NEF) 8
1.2.8 EnvironmentalProtectionAgency—PrograminAfrica 8
1.3 InteractionsBetweenAfricanSocietiesofToxicological
ScienceswithEuropeanandAmericanSocieties 11
1.3.1 InternationalUnionofToxicology 11
1.3.2 GeneralObjectivesofIUTOX 11
1.3.3 TheSocietyofToxicology 11
1.4 TheRoleofAfricanSocietiesofToxicologicalSciences
inGovernmentPolicyMaking 12
1.5 InformationResourcesinToxicology 13
1.5.1 ToxicRemnantsofWar 13
1.6 ConclusionsandRecommendations 14
References 14
2 EthicalIssuesforAnimalUseinToxicological
ResearchinAfrica 17
WafaaElSayedAbdEl-Aal
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Definitions 18
2.3 EthicalAspectsofMedicinalPlantsinAfrica 20
2.4 TheImportanceofAnimalsinToxicologicalStudies 21
vi Contents
2.5 GuidelinesofAnimalResearchEthics 22
2.5.1 History:DevelopmentofGuidelines
andLegalFrameworks 22
2.5.2 3Rs(Reduction,Replacement,andRefinement) 23
2.5.3 InternationalGuidelinesforUseandCareofAnimals
inScientificProcedures 25
2.5.4 GuidelinesforManagingandSupervisingBreeding
andHoldingFacilities 25
2.5.5 HazardsforAnimalCarePersonnel 26
2.5.6 TrainingGuidelines 26
2.6 AnimalWelfareIssues 27
2.6.1 WhatIsAnimalWell-BeingorWelfare? 27
2.6.2 StrategiestoSafeguardAnimalWell-being,
AustralianCode,2013[15] 27
2.6.3 SomePossibleWaysofProtectingtheWelfareofAnimals
UsedinResearchorTeaching 28
2.6.4 ProtectionofAnimalsDuringTransport
andRelatedOperations 28
2.6.5 AcclimatizationandConditioning 29
2.6.6 FoodandWater 29
2.6.7 AvoidingorMinimizingDiscomfort,Anxiety,andPain 29
2.6.8 AnesthesiaandAnalgesia 29
2.6.9 Euthanasia 30
2.7 InstitutionalAnimalCareandUseCommittees 30
2.7.1 ResponsibilitiesofAECs,AustralianCode,2013[15] 31
2.7.2 InstitutionalAnimalCareandUseCommittees
MonitoringSystem,Accordingtothe
AustralianCode,2013[15] 31
2.7.3 InstitutionalAnimalCareandUseCommitteesRecords,
AccordingtotheNACLAR,2004[36] 31
2.7.4 ResponsibilitiesoftheInstitutionsRegarding
AnimalResearch,According
totheNACLAR,2004[36] 32
2.7.5 IACUCsinDevelopedCountries 32
2.7.6 EthicalReview 33
2.7.7 PrinciplesofEthicalReview,According
toFry,2012[27] 33
2.8 HealthResearchEthicsinAfrica 34
2.9 ChallengesofResearchEthicsinAfrica 36
2.10 LawsofAnimalResearchEthicsinAfrica 36
2.10.1 SituationinSomeAfricanCountries 36
2.11 Conclusions 37
Acknowledgments 38
References 38
Contents vii
3 Critical ReviewoftheGuidelinesandMethods
inToxicologicalResearchinAfrica 43
LouisL.GadagaandDexterTagwireyi
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 NeedforToxicityTesting 44
3.3 AcuteToxicityTesting 46
3.4 AlternativesMethodsfortheOralLD Test 46
50
3.4.1 RepeatedDoseToxicityTesting 46
3.4.2 SubacuteStudies 47
3.4.3 SubchronicStudies 47
3.4.4 ChronicStudies 47
3.4.5 GenotoxicityandMutagenicityTesting 47
3.4.6 ClinicalTestingStudies 48
3.5 Conclusion 49
References 49
4 DiscordantResultsinPlantToxicityStudiesinAfrica:
AttemptofStandardization 53
RolandE.Akhigbe
4.1 Introduction 53
4.2 ToxicologicalEvaluation:ParametersandInterpretation 53
4.2.1 BodyandOrganWeight 54
4.2.2 HematologicalProfile 54
4.2.3 PlasmaEnzymeActivities 55
4.2.4 HepaticandRenalFunctionTests 56
4.2.5 OxidativeStress 56
4.2.6 GastrointestinalandNeurologicalManifestations 57
4.3 StandardValuesforParametersinToxicologicalSurvey 57
4.4 Conclusion 57
References 59
5 AcuteandSubacuteToxicitiesofAfrican MedicinalPlants 63
GeraldNgoTekeandVictorKuete
5.1 Introduction 63
5.2 TheAcuteandSubacuteEffectsofMedicinalPlants 64
5.2.1 LeafPoisoning 64
5.2.2 Flowersand/orFruits 65
5.2.3 StemBark 66
5.2.4 Roots 66
5.3 ExperimentalModelsforToxicologicalStudies 66
5.3.1 AnimalsUsedinAcuteandSubacuteToxicitySurveys 67
5.3.2 AnimalsUsedinAcuteToxicity 67
5.3.3 AnimalsUsedinSubacuteToxicity 68
5.3.4 MethodsinAcuteandSubacuteToxicitySurvey 68
viii Contents
5.4 TheSignificanceofLD inAcuteToxicityScreenings 71
50
5.4.1 HistoryofLD Determination 71
50
5.4.2 SignificanceofLD inToxicityStudies 71
50
5.4.3 ToxicSymptomsinAcuteandSubacute
ToxicityStudies 72
5.5 LimitationsoftheStudyoftheAcuteand
SubacuteToxicitiesofMedicinalPlants 73
5.6 AfricanPlantsScreenedforTheirAcute
andSubacuteToxicities 74
5.7 Conclusion 74
References 87
6 SubchronicandChronicToxicitiesofAfricanMedicinalPlants 99
AdejuwonAdewaleAdeneye
6.1 Introduction 99
6.2 SubchronicandChronicToxicityEffect
ofMedicinalPlants 101
6.2.1 Hypericumperforatum(Hypericaceae) 101
6.2.2 RosmarinusofficinalisLinn.(Lamiaceae) 102
6.2.3 Erythrinamulungu(Fabaceae) 102
6.2.4 Hydrastiscanadensis(Ranunculaceae) 103
6.2.5 Symphytumofficinale(Bignoniaceae) 103
6.2.6 Ginkgobiloba(Ginkgoaceae) 103
6.2.7 PipermethysticumForsterf.(Piperaceae) 104
6.2.8 Glycyrrhizaglabra(Fabaceae) 105
6.3 Methods,Parameters,andDataInterpretationinSubchronic
andChronicToxicityScreeningsWorldwideandinAfrica 106
6.3.1 ConventionalSubchronicandChronicOralTests 106
6.3.2 OECDRecommendationsforSubchronic
andChronicToxicityStudy 108
6.3.3 WHORecommendationsforSubchronic
andChronicToxicityStudy 113
6.3.4 OtherRecommendations 115
6.4 AnimalsUsedinSubchronicandChronic
ToxicityScreenings 116
6.5 ObservableSymptomsandSignsinSubchronicandChronic
ToxicityScreenings 117
6.6 LimitationsoftheStudyoftheSubchronicandChronicToxicity
ofMedicinalPlants 117
6.7 AfricanPlantsScreenedforTheirSubchronicandChronicToxicity 118
6.7.1 SphenocentrumjollyanumPierre(Menispermaceae) 118
6.7.2 SpathodeacampanulataP.Beauv(Bignoniaseae) 119
6.7.3 Syzigiumaromaticum(L.)Merr.andPerry(Myrtaceae) 119
6.7.4 Hunteriaumbellata(K.Schum.)Hallierf.(Apocynaceae) 120
6.7.5 Cnestisferruginea(CF)VahlexDC(Connaraceae) 121
Contents ix
6.7.6 CorrigiolatelephiifoliaPourr.(Caryophyllaceae) 121
6.7.7 CaricapapayaLinn.(Caricaceae) 122
6.7.8 AlliumcepaLinn.(Liliaceae) 122
6.7.9 AlliumsativumLinn.(Liliaceae) 123
6.7.10 CarumcarviLinn.(Apiaceae/Umbellifereae) 124
6.7.11 NigellasativaLinn.(Ranunculaceae) 124
6.7.12 ViscumalbumL.(Santalaceae) 125
6.8 Conclusion 125
References 126
7 ToxicPlantsUsedinAfricanTraditionalMedicine 135
Jean-de-DieuTamokouandVictorKuete
7.1 Introduction 135
7.2 ToxicSymptomsofMedicinalPlants 136
7.2.1 GastrointestinalTract Symptoms 137
7.2.2 LiverSymptoms 138
7.2.3 SkinandEyeSymptoms 138
7.2.4 BloodandCardiovascularSystem 139
7.2.5 NervousSystemSymptoms 140
7.2.6 ReproductiveandDevelopmentalEffects 141
7.2.7 KidneyandBladderSymptoms 143
7.3 ToxicityofAfricanMedicinalPlants 144
7.4 ToxicAfricanMedicinal PlantsasIdentified
byTheirMediumLethalDoses(LD )Values
50
andInducedPhysicalSymptoms 146
7.5 ToxicAfricanMedicinal PlantsasIdentified
byBiochemicalIndices 165
7.6 Conclusion 170
References 171
8 CytotoxicityofAfricanMedicinalPlantsAgainst
NormalAnimalandHumanCells 181
LyndyJ.McGaw,EsameldinE.Elgorashi
andJacobusN.Eloff
8.1 Introduction 181
8.1.1 ImportantFactorstoConsiderinCytotoxicity
Experiments 182
8.2 NecessityforCytotoxicityTesting 183
8.3 LimitationsofCytotoxicityTesting 184
8.4 DifferentTypesofCytotoxicityAssay 185
8.4.1 MetabolismReductaseViabilityAssays 186
8.4.2 BioluminescentATPAssays 187
8.4.3 EnzymeRelease-BasedCytotoxicityAssays 187
8.4.4 OtherCommonlyUsedAssays 188
8.4.5 BrineShrimpAssay 188