Toxic Plants and Other Natural Toxicants

602 Pages·1998·50.09 MB·English

by  A C Barr T Garland

TOXIC PLANTS AND
OTHER NATURAL TOXICANTS

tS
Edited by
Gar~anda nd A. Catherine
Texas A&M University
College of Veterinary Medicine
aad
Texas Veterkaq)M edical Diagnostic Laboratory
College Station, Texas 77843, USA
Texas Veter~na~~ie d iD~iaag~~~ os~t~bco ru~#ry
College Station, Texas 77843, USA
Assistant Editor
Texas A&M Urziversify
College of Veterinary ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ n ~
College Slation, Texas 77843, USA
CAB1 Publishing
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ISBN 0 85 199 263 3
First published 1998
Reprinted 1999
Transferred to print on demand 200 1
Printed and bound by Antony Roue Ltd, Eastbourne
Preface ........................................................ x
Acknowledgments .............................................. xi
Abbreviations ................................................. xii
Dedication to Dr Alan Seawright ................................ xiii
Regional and Epidemiological Issues
1 Recently Encountered Poisonous Plants of Rio Grande do Sul
andUruguay ................................................ 1
..........................
2 Tribute to Dr Wayne Binns (191 1-1994) 6
3 Genesis to Genesis: A Historic Perspective of Plant Toxicology ........ 9
4 Poisonous Plant Names ....................................... 13
5 A Tribute to Dr James W. Dollahite ............................. 17
.
6 Locoweed Research to Reduce Poisoning on Western US Rangelands 19
7 Use of a Native Insect to Deter Grazing and Prevent
Poisoning in Livestock ....................................... 23
8 Estimating Lethal Dose of Larkspur for Cattle ..................... 29
9 Control Technology Selection for Poisonous Plants with
the EXSEL Expert System .................................... 35
10 Management and Edaphic Factors Related with the Incidence of
MarshRagwort ............................................. 40
1 1 Management. Environmental and Livestock Interactions Impact on
Perennial RyegrasslNeotyphodiumnivestock Associations ........... 45
12 Development of an Immunoassay for Corynetoxins ................. 49
13 ['4C]Benecionine Production in Senecio vulguris Root Culture ........5 5
Cardiopulmonary System
14 Hematological Changes in Sheep with Experimentally
Produced Acute and Chronic Lupinosis .......................... 62
15 Atypical Pneumonia Associated with Ryegrass Staggers in Calves ..... 69
16 Dissimilatory Metabolism by Ruminal Microbes:
Impact on Ruminant Toxicoses ................................ 73
17 Yew (Taxus spp.) Poisoning in Domestic Animals .................7 8
18 Pasture Mediated Acute Bovine Pulmonary Emphysema
and Edema in British Columbia ................................ 81
19 A Study of Persin. the Mammary Cell Necrosis Agent from Avocado
(Persea umericana). and its Furan Derivative in Lactating Mice ...... 86
V
vi Contents
20 Bioassay-directed Isolation of Active Principle from
Lavendula stoechas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
,
.
21 Analysis of Gossypol in Whole Cottonseed and Rumen Fluid by HPLC 97
22 The Excretion of Minerals from Broilers Fed Tannic Acid,
Polyethylene Glycol and Protein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
23 Influence of Tannic Acid on Amino Acid Digestibility in Broilers . . . . 106
24 Effect of Polyethylene Glycol on the Chelation of
Trace Elements by Tannins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1
.
25 The Use of Copper Boli for Cattle Grazing High-molybdenum Forage 1 15
26 A Newly Discovered Toxic Plant, Stemodia kingii, in Western Australia 120
27 Site and Sequence Selectivity of DNA Binding by Divalent Cadmium:
Evidence for Inhibition of BPDE-induced DNA Lesions in the Major
Groove but Not in the Biologically Relevant Minor Groove . . . . . . . . 125
28 Monitoring of Physiological and Pathological Changes in Turkey
Poults Fed Leaves of Potentially Cardiomyotoxic
Nerium oleander and Persea americana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
29 Enzootic Geophagia and Hepatitis of Calves and the Possible
Role of Manganese Poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
30 The Feeding of Lupin Grain Can Cause Rumen Acidosis and Rumenitis 143
3 1 Effects of Dietary Cottonseed Meal and Cottonseed Oil on
Nutrient Digestibility and Rumen Protozoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
,
32 Detoxification Potential of a New Species of Ruminal Bacteria that
Metabolize Nitrate qnd Naturally Occurring Nitrotoxins , . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Diagnostic/Trestment Issues
33 Vitamin KI Therapy of Ferula communis variety brevifolia
Toxicosis in Sheep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
,
34 Development of a Vaccine Against Annual Ryegrass Toxicity . . . . . . . 165
35 Conditioned Food Aversions to Oxalic Acid in the Food Plants
ofSheepandGoats ......................................... 169
36 Fungi Microbiota and Oxalate Formation on Brachiaria brizanthu
and their Possible Toxic Effects on Calves Kept at Pasture
without Supplementation of Calcium and Magnesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
. .
37 Protective Effects of Cyclodextrins on Tunicaminyluracil Toxicity 179
38 Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Detoxification by an Ovine Ruminal
Consortium and its Use as a Ruminal Supplement in Cattle . . . . . . . . . 185
39 A Comparison of a Nursling Rat Bioassay and an ELISA to
. . . . . . . . . .
Determine the Amount of Phomopsins in Lupin Stubbles 191
40 Towards a Commercial Vaccine Against Lupinosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
41 Long-term Effects of Acute or Chronic Poisoning by
Tunicaminyluracil Toxins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1
. . .
42 Experimental Modification of Larkspur (De~~iniuspmp. ) Toxicity 205
43 Treatment and Prevention of Livestock Poisoning:
Where to from Here? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Contents vii
44 Toxicity and Diagnosis of Oleander (Nerium oleander)
Poisoning in Livestock ..................................... .21 5
45 Are there Toxic and Non-toxic Varieties of Eupatorium
rugosum Houttuyn? ......................................... 220
46 The Chemical Identification of Plant Toxins in Ingesta and Forage ... 223
47 Conditioned Food Aversion: A Management Tool to
Prevent Livestock Poisoning .................................. 227
48 Development and Validation of a Multiresidue Alkaloid Screen ..... 233
49 Tolerance in Cattle to Timber Milkvetch (Astrugalus miser var.
serotinus) due to Changes in Rumen Microbial Populations ......... 239
50 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for Rapid Analysis of
Toxic Compounds in Larkspurs and Milkvetches .................2 43
Miscellaneous Topics
5 1 DNA Alkylation Properties of Dehydromonocrotaline: Sequence
Selective N7 Guanine Alkylation and Heat and Alkali-resistant
Multiple Crosslinks ........................................ .249
52 Acute and Chronic Toxicity Induced by Activated Ptaquiloside in
Rats: Comparison of Pathogenesis due to Oral and Intravenous
Administrations ............................................ 255
53 Immunotoxic Effects of Selenium in Mammals ................... 260
54 In vivo and in vitro Effects of L-Canavanine and L-Canaline ........ 267
55 The Isolation of a Hepatotoxic Compound from Eupatorium
adenophorum (Spreng) and Some Preliminary Studies on its
ModeofAction ............................................ 271
56 Glycosidase Inhibitors in British Plants as Causes of Livestock
Disorders ................................................. 2 76
57 The Immunologic and Toxic Effects of Chronic Locoweed
(Astragalus Ientiginosus) Intoxication in Cattle .................. 285
58 Sawfly (Perreyiaflavipes) Larval Poisoning of Cattle, Sheep
andswine ................................................ 291
The Reproductive System and the Embryo
59 Comparison of the Reproductive Effects of Baptisia australis,
Ivu annua and Sophora nuttallianu in Rats ...................... 297
60 Livestock Poisoning by Teratogenic and Hepatotoxic Range Plants ... 303
6 1 Pine Needle (Pinus ponderosa) and Broom Snakeweed
(Gutierreziu spp.) Abortion in Livestock ........................ 307
62 Comparative Study of Prenatal and Postnatal Monocrotaline
EffectsinRats ............................................. 312
63 Embryotoxic Effect of Plumeria rubru ......................... 3 17
64 Evaluation of the Toxicity of Solanum malucoxylon
During the Perinatal Period ................................... 323
viii Contents
65 Induction of Mammary Gland Carcinoma, Monocytosis and
Type I1 Pneumonocyte Proliferation by Activated Ptaquiloside . . . . . . . 329
66 Ingestion of Nitrate-containing Plants as a Possible Risk Factor
for Congenital Hypothyroidism in Foals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
67 Diterpene Acid Chemistry of Ponderosa Pine and Implications
for Late-term Induced Abortions in Cattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
68 Toxic and Teratogenic Piperidine Alkaloids from Lupinus,
Conium and Nicotiana Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
69 Toxic Amines and Alkaloids from Texas Acacias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 1
70 A Urushiol Component Isolated from the Australian Native
Cashew (Semecarpus australiensis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
,
Public Health and Herbal Medicine Concerns
7 1 Plant Toxicology and Public Health: Critical Data Needs and
Perspectives on Botanical (Herbal) Medicines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
72 Public Health and Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
73 Perspectives on Plant Toxicology and Public Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
74 Evaluation of the Occurrence of Algae of the Genus Prototheca
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
in Cheese and Milk from Brazilian Dairy Herds 373
75 Shamans and Other Toxicologists: Current Approaches to the
Discovery of New Pharmaceuticals in Traditional Herbal Medicines . 377
,
The Musculoskeletal and the Neurological System
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76 Morphologic Studies of Selenosis in Herbivores 380
77 Chronic Selenosis in Ruminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
78 Effects of Paxilline, Lolitrem B and Penitrem on Skeletal and
Smooth Muscle Electromyographic Activity in Sheep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
79 Tall Larkspur Poisoning in Cattle Grazing Mountain Rangeland . . . . . 402
80 Krimpsiekte, a Paretic Condition of Small Stock Poisoned by
Bufadienolide-containingP lants of the Crassulaceae in South Africa . . 407
8 1 A Toxicity Assessment of Phalaris coerulescens:I solation of a
NewOxindole ............................................. 413
82 Two New Alkaloids of Conium maculatum, and Evidence for a
Tautomeric Form for y”-Coniceine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 19
“
~
83 Probable Interaction between Solanum eleagnifolium and
Ivermectin in Horses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423
84 ipomoea carnea: The Cause of a Lysosomal Storage Disease in
Goats in Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .428
85 Investigation of the Neurotoxic Compounds in Asclepias
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
subverticillata, Westem-whorled Milkweed 435
86 Isolation of Karwinol A fiom Coyotillo (Kanvinskia humboldtiana)
Fruits .................................................... 440
87 The Toxicity of the Australian Cycad Bowenia serrulata
.................................................
tocattle 447
Contents ix
88 Evaluation of the Toxic Effects of the Legumes of Mimosa
(Albiziaj ulibrissin) and Identification of the Toxicant . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
yeotoxins and Mycotoxicoses
89 The Development of Lupinosis in Weaner Sheep Grazed on
SandplainLupins .......................................... 459
90 Mycotoxin Contamination of Australian Pastures and Feedstuffs . . . . 464
9 1 Control of the Mycotoxic Hepatogenous Photosensitization,
Facial Eczema, in New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .469
,
92 Occurrence of Fusariurn rnoniliforrne and Fumonisins in
Australian Maize in Relation to Animal Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
93 Equine Leukoen~~~halo~alina cBiraa zil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
a
94 Isolation of an Extract of Corallo~tos~roor~niac opreoides sp. nov.,
which Causes the Rumemitis Associated with Black Soil Blindness . . . 483
95 Corcallo~tostrornao rnicopreoides:A New Fungus Causing a
Mycotoxicosis of Cattle Grazing Mitchell Grass Pastures in A~stralia. 487
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
96 Ergotism and Fee sion in Poultry .493
,
97 Exper~entaBl la ~lindnessin Sheep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .497
estion and Eli~i~at~on
atotoxicity in Sheep Grazing Kochia scoparia . . . . . . . . 504
99 Calliandra ccalothyrsus Leaf Extracts Effects on Microbial
Growth and Enzyme Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
,
100 china be^ ~~eli~cae ~ r ~Pocisohnin)g in Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
a
10 1 The P~~ficatioannd Isolation of Two Hepatotoxic Co~pounds
U~guaySa wfly P e r r ~ i a ~ .~ . .~ . .e . .s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 17
102 of Monocro~line(P yrrolizidine Alkaloid) to the
Liver of Chicken Embryos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
. . .
103 ~ ~ p e ~Po~isoneinng in~ Ral Senna occidentalis Seeds 527
104 Toxicity and Molecu~arS hape lizidine Alkaloids . . . . . , . . . .a 53 I
~
I05 Molecular Inte~actionso f Pyrrolizidlne Alkaloids with Critical
Cellular Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
* * ’ * * * * * *
106 Factors Influencing Urinary Excretion of Irnmunoreactive
Sporidesmin Me~bolitesin Sheep Dosed with Sporidesmin . . . . . . . . 543
107 Disease in Cattle Dosed Orally with Oak or Tannic Acid . . . . . . . . . . 549
108 Jatroph curcm Toxicity: Identification of Toxic Principle(s) . . . . . . 554
109 Species Differences in Bioactivation and Detoxification of
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
110 Bog Asphodel (Nartheciurn ossipagum) Poisoning in Cattle . . . . . . . . 564
11 1 Livestock Poisoning by Bacchris coridifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
1 12 Narthe~~uronss iJLagurn Associated N~p~otoxiciitny R uminants . . . . 573
Index ....................................................... 577