Toxic Metals Contamination: Generation, Disposal, Treatment and Valuation PDF
Preview Toxic Metals Contamination: Generation, Disposal, Treatment and Valuation
Toxic Metals Contamination Generation, Disposal, Treatment and Valuation Editors Jeferson Steffanello Piccin University of Passo Fundo (UPF) Faculty of Engineering and Architecture (FEAR) Passo Fundo/RS, Brazil Aline Dettmer University of Passo Fundo (UPF) Faculty of Engineering and Architecture (FEAR) Passo Fundo/RS, Brazil Natarajan Chandrasekaran Center for Nanobiotechnology Vellore Institute of Technology [VIT] Vellore, India p, p, A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK Cover credit: Two images are from editor’s personal collection. Other two images – Editor has taken from Licence Creative Commons. • Chromium(III) picolinate 3D ball: Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en). • Arsenic-Dyscrasite-sea22c: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en) license. Credit: Rob Lavinsky, iRocks.com (http://www.irocks.com/) – CC-BY-SA-3.0. First edition published 2023 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN © 2023 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected] Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data (applied for) ISBN: 978-0-367-68745-8 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-68748-9 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-13890-7 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003138907 Typeset in Times New Roman by Radiant Productions Preface Toxic metals are a class of chemical elements that, in certain concentrations, can cause damage to the health of humans and animals, in addition to impacts on ecosystems. This book is intended for anyone with an interest and/or concern about toxic metals. The main toxic metals found in ecosystems are antimony, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, tellurium, thallium, vanadium, and tin. These metals, when present in the human body, can cause damage to health, such as respiratory, cardiovascular, central nervous system, gastrointestinal problems, skin, reproductive system, among others. Thus, the present work will be showing the state of the art regarding technologies for the management of systems contaminated with toxic metals. There are ten chapters covering different topics related to toxic metals, from the contamination of surface and deep water intended for human consumption to the genotoxic effects of nanoparticles of these metals. The stress caused by arsenic in plants and the possibilities of mitigating the problem are also addressed, as well as the reuse of waste containing metals such as mercury and chromium. In the sequence, the main methods for removing toxic metals from liquid effluents are discussed, including membrane separation processes, adsorption and bioadsorption and treatment using ionic liquids. In this context, the main sources of emissions will be presented, including their forms of speciation and their impacts on the health of the environment. In addition, some techniques for disposal and valuation of solid waste containing toxic metals are also discussed. We hope that the book can contribute to science in order to show alternatives for the correct disposal and treatment of this hazardous waste. Contents Preface iii 1. Toxic Metals: An Overview of Main Sources, Exposure Routes, 1 Adverse Effects and Treatment Approaches Cesar Vinicius Toniciolli Rigueto, Mateus Torres Nazari, Ionara Regina Pizzutti, Natarajan Chandrasekaran, Aline Dettmer and Jeferson Steffanello Piccin 2. Groundwater Quality Indexing for Drinking Purpose from Arsenic 10 Prone Areas, West Bengal: A Health Risk Assessment Study Madhurima Joardar, Nilanjana Roy Chowdhury, Antara Das, Deepanjan Mridha and Tarit Roychowdhury 3. Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity of Metal-based Nanomaterials, 33 with an Emphasis on using Drosophila Mohamed Alaraby, Doaa Abass and Ricard Marcos 4. Alleviation of Arsenic Stress in Plants using Nanofertilizers and 47 its Extent of Commercialization: A Systemic Review Iravati Ray, Deepanjan Mridha, Madhurima Joardar, Antara Das, Nilanjana Roy Chowdhury, Ayan De and Tarit Roychowdhury 5. Foam Glasses from Glasses of Fluorescent Lamps Waste 72 Isaac dos S. Nunes, Venina dos Santos and Rosmary N. Brandalise 6. Recovery and Disposal of Tannery Waste Containing Toxic Metals 94 Caroline Agustini, Taysnara Simioni, Nadini Pinheiro, Éverton Hansen, Victória Kopp and Mariliz Gutterres 7. Treatment of Water Contaminated by Heavy Metal using Membrane 117 Separation Processes Wendel Paulo Silvestre and Camila Baldasso 8. Adsorption as an Efficient Alternative for the Removal of 146 Toxic Metals from Water and Wastewater Yasmin Vieira, Juliana Machado Nascimento dos Santos, Jeferson S. Piccin, Ádrian Bonilla‑Petriciolet and Guilherme Luiz Dotto vi Toxic Metals Contamination: Generation, Disposal, Treatment and Valuation 9. Biosorption of Toxic Metals from Multicomponent Systems and 172 Wastewaters Heloisa Pereira de Sá Costa, Giani de Vargas Brião, Talles Barcelos da Costa, Cléophée Gourmand, Caroline Bertagnolli, Meuris Gurgel Carlos da Silva and Melissa Gurgel Adeodato Vieira 10. Ionic Liquids Applied in Removal of Toxic Metals from Water and 203 Wastewater Carolina Elisa Demaman Oro, Victor de Aguiar Pedott, Rogério Marcos Dallago and Marcelo Luis Mignoni Index 223 1 Toxic Metals An Overview of Main Sources, Exposure Routes, Adverse Effects and Treatment Approaches Cesar Vinicius Toniciolli Rigueto,1 Mateus Torres Nazari,2 Ionara Regina Pizzutti,1 Natarajan Chandrasekaran,3 Aline Dettmer4 and Jeferson Steffanello Piccin2,4,* 1. Introduction In the last decades, several terms have been used around the world to refer to metals of environmental interest, such as metals, metalloids, semimetals, heavy metals, essential metals, toxic metals, trace metals, micronutrients (Ali et al. 2019, Duffus 2002). This lack of terminology standardization may be associated with the fact that, for example, heavy metals can be toxic, essential, or non-essential, and that not all heavy metals are toxic under all conditions (Ali and Khan 2018). In the present book, the use of “toxic metals” was standardized, which can be essential (performing important biochemical and physical functions for living organisms) or non-essential (having no known biological role), depending on their concentration (Ali et al. 2019, Edelstein and Ben-Hu 2018, Al Osman et al. 2019, Rai et al. 2019). The toxicity of these elements varies according to the dose and duration of exposure (Ali et al. 2019). 1 Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Rural Science Center, Postgraduate Program in Food Science and Technology (PPGCTA), Roraima Avenue, 97105-900, Santa Maria/RS, Brazil. 2 University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Faculty of Engineering and Architecture (FEAR), Postgraduate Program in Civil and Environmental Engineering (PPGEng), Passo Fundo/RS, Brazil. 3 Center for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology [VIT], Vellore, India. 4 University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Faculty of Engineering and Architecture (FEAR), Postgraduate Program in Food Science and Technology (PPGCTA), Passo Fundo/RS, Brazil. * Corresponding author: [email protected] 2 Toxic Metals Contamination: Generation, Disposal, Treatment and Valuation Elements commonly classified as toxic metals are Mercury (Hg), Lead (Pb), Chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd), Barium (Ba), Aluminum (Al), and Copper (Cu) (Al Osman et al. 2019). Other authors include Arsenic (As), Nickel (Ni), Silver (Ag), and Zinc (Zn) to this group of metals and metalloids (Li et al. 2019, Srivastava et al. 2021). These elements belong to the class of inorganic pollutants and are widely known and reported for their potential risks to public health and the environment due to their characteristics of environmental persistence, toxicity, and bioaccumulation (Ali and Khan 2018, Ali et al. 2019, Rigueto et al. 2021a, Srivastava et al. 2021, Yin et al. 2019). Some of these metals still have the ability to biomagnify along the trophic chain, increasing their deleterious potential to organisms (Ali et al. 2019). In general, metal with a specific gravity of 5.0 and above and those with atomic number above 20 are considered as heavy metals (Luckey et al. 1975). The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) have listed substances that are most found at facilities on the National Priorities List and that have the most significant threat potential to human health, where As, Pb, Hg, Cd occupy the first, second, third and seventh positions in this list (ATSDR 2019). Based on these aspects, toxic metals are common among the main pollutants investigated among the scientific community and environmental agencies (Ali et al. 2019). Regarding the origin of these metals, natural processes and anthropic activities are reported as the main sources of pollution by toxic metals (Ali et al. 2019, Bozorg- Haddad et al. 2021, Edelstein and Ben-Hur 2018, Li et al. 2019, Yin et al. 2019). More specifically, weathering of metal-bearing rocks and volcanic eruptions are the main natural sources of toxic metals, while mining and different industrial and agro- industrial activities comprise the anthropic sources (Ali et al. 2019, Edelstein and Ben-Hur 2018). In the case of anthropogenic sources, there has been an exponential increase in the generation of contaminants since the Industrial Revolution (Rai et al. 2019). Toxic metals can enter the human body through different exposure routes, such as ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption of water, food, and air contaminated with these elements (Ali et al. 2019, Fu and Xi 2019, Al Osman et al. 2019). Some factors influence the retention of these substances in a living organism, including the metal speciation, the physiological mechanisms of this organism, as well as aspects related to homeostasis and detoxification (Ali et al. 2019). According to Fu and Xi (2019), drinking water contaminated with toxic metals is the main form of exposure for humans, and the concentration of these elements in drinking water has exceeded recommended limits in recent years. Exposure to toxic metals through ingestion and inhalation is reported to present the greatest toxicological risk to human health (Srivastava et al. 2021). Toxic metals are capable of causing several pathologies to humans and other living organisms, which varies according to different aspects, such as level, form, and duration of exposure to these elements, in addition to comorbidities, age, and other conditions of the contaminated (Al Osman et al. 2019, Walton et al. 2011). This exposure to these contaminants, especially via ingestion of contaminated water, can result in deleterious effects on human metabolism (Fu and Xi 2019). In general, these Toxic Metals 3 effects result from the production of reactive oxygen species, which can damage proteins and DNA, as well as have mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic potential (Fu and Xi 2019, Leong and Chang 2020). As a result, these elements are reported to cause high morbidity (e.g., retardation, cancers, behavioral disorders, respiratory problems, immunological, endocrinal, and neurological effects, among others) and even mortality (Edelstein and Ben-Hur 2018, Fu and Xi 2019, Al Osman et al. 2019, Rai et al. 2019). Table 1 presents the Minimal Risk Levels (MRL) and/or the guideline value for drinking water for the main toxic metals, according to Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry and World Health Organization (WHO), respectively. According to Rai et al. (2019), toxic metals can also drastically affect the soil. In addition, the authors emphasize that these contaminants negatively influence enzymes and other compounds related to the germination process of different crops, which can affect plant physiology at different stages of its growth. Consequently, high concentrations of these inorganic compounds in the soil result in lower crop yields (Edelstein and Ben-Hur 2018). Thus, it is necessary to reduce the generation of solid waste containing toxic metals. Chromium-tanned leather waste, for example, is usually sent to landfills, as it is faster and more economical; however, it is not an ecologically correct alternative, as it can leach and contaminate the soil and water resources (Rigueto et al. 2020). Table 1: Minimal risk levels and guideline value for drinking water for several toxic metals. Minimal Risk Levels Provisional guideline value Elements Route Duration (MRL) for drinking water Acute Al Oral 1 mg/kg/day No guideline value Chronic Acute 0.005 mg/kg/day As Oral 0.01 mg/L Chronic 0.0003 mg/kg/day Inhalation Acute 0.00003 mg/m3 Inhalation Chronic 0.00001 mg/m3 Cd 0.003 mg/L Oral Intermediate 0.0005 mg/kg/day Oral Chronic 0.00001 mg/kg/day Intermediate 0.005 mg/kg/day Cr(VI) Oral 0.05 mg/L (Total chromium) Chronic 0.0009 mg/kg/day Acute Cu Oral 0.01 mg/kg/day 2 mg/L Intermediate Hg Inhalation Chronic 0.0002 mg/m3 0.006 mg/L Inhalation Intermediate 0.0002 mg/m3 Ni 0.07 mg/L Inhalation Chronic 0.00009 mg/m3 Pb - - - 0.01 mg/L Intermediate Zn Oral 0.3 mg/kg/day No guideline value Chronic Source: ATSDR (2019), WHO (2017).
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