Toxic Communities: Environmental Racism, Industrial Pollution, and Residential Mobility PDF
Preview Toxic Communities: Environmental Racism, Industrial Pollution, and Residential Mobility
Toxic Communities This page intentionally left blank Toxic Communities Environmental Racism, Industrial Pollution, and Residential Mobility Dorceta E. Taylor a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS New York and London NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS New York and London www.nyupress.org © 2014 by New York University All rights reserved References to Internet websites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor New York University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Taylor, Dorceta E. Toxic communities : environmental racism, industrial pollution, and residential mobility / Dorceta E. Taylor. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4798-5239-0 (hardback) — ISBN 978-1-4798-6178-1 (paper) 1. Environmental justice — U nited States. 2. Hazardous waste sites — Social aspects — United States. 3. Hazardous waste sites — Location — United States. 4. United States — Environmental conditions — Social aspects. I. Title. GE230.T38 2014 363.72'870973 — d c23 2014002556 New York University Press books are printed on acid-free paper, and their binding materials are chosen for strength and durability. We strive to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the greatest extent possible in publishing our books. Manufactured in the United States of America c 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 p 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Also available as an ebook Dedicated to my mother, Dorothy Aileen Cameron Taylor, and my grandmother, Lucy Ann Cameron Stewart, Black women Strong women Survivors extraordinaire Your spirits live on! This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgments ix List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xi Introduction: Environmental Justice Claims 1 1 Toxic Exposure: Landmark Cases in the South and the Rise of Environmental Justice Activism 6 2 Disproportionate Siting: Claims of Racism and Discrimination 33 3 Internal Colonialism: Native American Communities in the West 47 4 Market Dynamics: Residential Mobility, or Who Moves and Who Stays 69 5 Enforcing Environmental Protections: The Legal, Regulatory, and Administrative Contexts 98 6 The Siting Process: Manipulation, Environmental Blackmail, and Enticement 123 7 The Rise of Racial Zoning: Residential Segregation 147 8 The Rise of Racially Restrictive Covenants: Guarding against Infiltration 192 9 Racializing Blight: Urban Renewal, Eminent Domain, and Expulsive Zoning 228 10 Contemporary Housing Discrimination: Does It Still Happen? 262 >> vii viii << Contents Conclusion: Future Directions of Environmental Justice Research 279 References 283 Index 333 About the Author 343 Acknowledgments I would like to thank the University of Michigan’s School of Natural Resources and the Program in the Environment for providing me with the resources and inspiration to write this book. Many thanks also go to the university librarians whose tireless efforts made it easy for me to find the materials I needed to complete this project. I would also like to thank the reviewers of earlier drafts of this manuscript for their helpful feedback. Thanks also go to Ilene Kalish and the rest of the editorial staff at New York University Press for their help and guidance through this process. I am grateful to my husband, Ian, and daughters, Shaina and Justine, for their patience and kindness during the writing of this book. >> ix
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