Town and Countryside in the Age of the Black Death: Essays in Honour of John Hatcher

514 Pages·2011·6.947 MB·English

by  Mark Bailey, Stephen Rigby

Town and Countryside
in the Age of
the Black Death
The MeDieVAl CounTrysiDe
Editorial Board under the auspices of Yale University
Paul Freedman, Chair, Yale University
isabel Alfonso, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientifícas, Madrid
sandro Carocci, Università di Roma ‘Tor Vergata’
laurent Feller, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne
Piotr Górecki, University of California, Riverside
sigrid hirbodian, Universität Tübingen
Peter C. M. hoppenbrouwers, Universiteit Leiden
Jeppe netterstrøm, Aarhus Universitet
Phillipp schofield, Aberystwyth University
lluís To Figueras, Universitat de Girona
Previously published volumes in this series are listed at the back of this book.
Volume 12
Town and Countryside
in the Age of
the Black Death
essays in honour of John hatcher
edited by
Mark Bailey and stephen rigby
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Town and countryside in the age of the Black Death : essays in honour of John Hatcher. --
(The medieval countryside ; v. 12)
1. Black Death--Social aspects--England. 2. Black Death--Economic aspects--England.
3. England--Population--History. 4. England--Economic conditions--1066-1485.
5. England--Social conditions--1066-1485.
I. Series II. Hatcher, John. III. Bailey, Mark, 1960-
IV. Rigby, S. H. (Stephen Henry), 1955-
614.5'732'0942'09023-dc23

ISBN-13: 9782503535173
© 2012, Brepols Publishers n.v., Turnhout, Belgium
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior permission of the publisher.
D/2012/0095/112
ISBN: 978-2-503-53517-3
e-ISBN: 978-2-503-54257-7
Printed on acid-free paper
Contents
list of illustrations vii
Acknowledgements xvi
introduction xviii
Part i. The Medieval Demographic system
new Perspectives in Medieval Demography:
The Medieval Demographic system
ole BeneDiCTow 3
Measuring Adult Mortality in an Age of Plague:england, 1349–1540
riChArD M. sMiTh 43
The Demography of Maritime Communities in late Medieval england
MAryAnne KowAlesKi 87
Part ii. landlords and Peasants
Grain yields on english Demesnes after the Black Death
BruCe M. s. CAMPBell 121
risk and Capital Formation:
seigneurial investment in an Age of Adversity
MArTin sTePhenson 175
vi Contents
The Black Death and its Immediate Aftermath:
Crisis and Change in the Fenland Economy, 1346–1353
DAvID StonE 213
Court Rolls as Evidence for village Society:
Sutton-in-the-Isle in the Fourteenth Century
ERIn MCGIBBon SMIth 245
the Arundell Estates and the Regional Economy
in Fifteenth-Century Cornwall
PhIllIPP SChoFIElD 277
The late Medieval Decline of English Demesne Agriculture:
Demographic, Monetary, and Political-Fiscal Factors
John MunRo 299
Part III. trade and Industry
Selling Food and Drink in the Aftermath of the Black Death
JAMES DAvIS 351
The Role of Fairs in late Medieval England
John S. lEE 407
The Coal Industry in the later Middle Ages:
The Bishop of Durham’s Estates
RIChARD h. BRItnEll 439
tabula Gratulatoria 473
illustrations
Figures
Figure 1, p. 46. Males over the age of twelve in two essex manors, c. 1270–1530
Source: Poos, A Rural Society after the Black Death, p. 96.
Figure 2, p. 50. some series of rural population levels from the fifteenth century
Source: Poos, ‘The historical Demography of renaissance europe’, p. 752.
Figure 3, p. 59. Death rates of monks in Christ Church, Canterbury, c. 1395–
1505 Source: hatcher, ‘Mortality in the Fifteenth Century’, p. 26.
Figure 4, p. 59. Death rates of monks in westminster Abbey, c. 1390–c. 1525
Source: harvey, Living and Dying in England, p. 126.
Figure 5, p. 61. Death rates of Durham monks, 1395–1529 Source: hatcher,
Piper, and stone, ‘Monastic Mortality’, p. 677.
Figure 6, p. 63. life expectancy of monks at age twenty-five plotted at year of
mean death Source: hatcher, Piper, and stone, ‘Monastic Mortality’, p. 674.
Figure 7, p. 70. life expectancy of monks at age twenty-five and a distribution
of life expectancies at age twenty-five for married male parishioners (twenty-
six english parishes)
Figure 8, p. 71. life expectancy of monks at age twenty-five and a mean of life
expectancies at age twenty-five for married male parishioners in twenty-six
english parishes Source: hatcher, Piper, and stone, ‘Monastic Mortality’,
p. 676.
viii Illustrations
Figure 9, p. 73. life expectancy of monks at age twenty-five and tenants-in-chief of
the crown, after J. C. russell Sources: hatcher, Piper, and stone, ‘Monastic
Mortality’, p. 674; russell, British Medieval Population, p. 186.
Figure 10, p. 79. life expectancy of monks at age twenty-five and revised esti-
mates of life expectancy of tenants-in-chief of the crown
Figure 11, p. 80. life expectancy of monks, tenants-in-chief, english married
male parishioners, peers, members of parliament (MPs), and scottish minis-
ters, 1300–1700
Figure 12, p. 81. life expectancy of english males, 1300–2000: various social
groups
Figures 13A and 13B, p. 123. evidence of macro environmental changes c. 1200
to c. 1500: world tree growth, global temperatures, and sea level pressure in
eastern siberia and iceland
Figures 14A and 14B, p. 125. westminster demesnes: indexed trends in
cropped area, livestock units, stocking densities, percentage legumes, and
grain seeding rates, 1275–1404
Figures 15A–15D, p. 127. westminster demesnes: yields per seed of wheat,
barley, oats, and wheat (barley/oats) gross of tithe and net of seed, 1275–1405
Figures 16A and 16B, p. 131. winchester demesnes, westminster demesnes,
and all english demesnes: annual numbers of grain yield observations and
trends in grain-yields per seed, 1340–1479
Figure 17, p. 135. english grain yield per seed and Alciston, sussex, grain yields
per seed and per acre, 1350–1479
Figures 18A and 18B, p. 139. regional trends in english grain-yields per seed,
1340–1439: (A) eastern and southeastern england; (B) southern, south-
central, and southwestern england
Figures 19A–19C, p. 141. english wheat, barley, and oats yields per seed,
1340–1479
Figure 20, p. 143. english grain-yields per seed, 1340–1479
Figures 21A–21C, p. 146. english grain yields and proxy indicators of weather
variations, 1340–1409
Figure 22, p. 149. Dutch tithe receipts, 1350–1449
Illustrations ix
Figures 23A–23C, p. 153. english grain yields and proxy indicators of weather
variations, 1410–59
Figure 24, p. 194. Bidentes hoylandie: investment rate
Figure 25, p. 195. Crowland vaccaries: investment rate
Figure 26, p. 201. Bishop of winchester’s manors: Total number of sheep
Figure 27, p. 224. Timing of recorded cattle deaths at Downham-in-the-isle in
1348–49 and wisbech Barton 1313–1429
Figure 28, p. 238. recorded estate transfers between the bishop of ely’s fenland
manors, 1350–51
Figure 29, p. 250. Average number of entries per court
Figure 30, p. 255. seven indices as a percentage of court business
Figure 31, p. 259. Per capita crime (per leet, per thousand)
Figure 32, p. 264. Bloodshed offences by gender
Figure 33, p. 264. Assault offences by gender
Figure 34, p. 265. housebreaking offences by gender
Figure 35, p. 266. Defamation offences by gender
Figure 36, p. 266. Just hue and cry raisers by gender
Figure 37, p. 267. unjust hue and cry raisers by gender
Figure 38, p. 365. Clare brewers and total amercements, 1312–1482 Source:
Kew, TnA, sC2/203/38–72 (see Appendix).
Figure 39, p. 366. Clare brewers and total amercements, 1335–1413 Source:
Kew, TnA, sC2/203/38–72 (see Appendix).
Figure 40, p. 368. Clare brewers: Total and average amercements 1312–1482
Source: Kew, TnA, sC2/203/43–67 (see Appendix).
Figure 41, p. 372. numbers of brewers and bakers in Clare, 1312–1482 Source:
Kew, TnA, sC2/203/38–72 (see Appendix).
x Illustrations
Figure 42, p. 374. Clare bakers and amercements, 1312–1482 Source: Kew,
TnA, sC2/203/38–72 (see Appendix).
Figure 43, p. 375. Amercement levels for bakers and brewers in Clare, 1325–49
Source: Kew, TnA, sC2/203/39–47.
Figure 44, p. 376. Amercement levels for bakers and brewers in Clare, 1350–77
Source: Kew, TnA, sC2/203/48–61.
Figure 45, p. 377. Amercement levels for bakers and brewers in Clare, 1377–99
Source: Kew, TnA, sC2/203/62, Kew, TnA, sC2/203/63 and Kew, TnA,
sC2/203/64.
Figure 46, p. 378. Amercement levels for bakers and brewers in Clare, 1399–
1425 Source: Kew, TnA, sC2/203/65, Kew, TnA, sC2/203/66 and Kew,
TnA, sC2/203/67.
Figure 47, p. 379. Amercement levels for bakers and brewers in Clare, 1426–82
Source: Kew, TnA, sC2/203/67–72.
Figure 48, p. 387. number of retailing offenders in Clare, 1312–1482 Source:
Kew, TnA, sC2/203/38–72 (see Appendix and Figures 49–53).
Figure 49, p. 389. Amercements for Clare retailers, 1325–49 Source: Kew,
TnA, sC2/203/39–47.
Figure 50, p. 390. Amercements for Clare retailers, 1350–77 Source: Kew,
TnA, sC2/203/48–61.
Figure 51, p. 391. Amercements for Clare retailers, 1377–99 Source: Kew, TnA,
sC2/203/62, Kew, TnA, sC2/203/63 and Kew, TnA, sC2/203/64.
Figure 52, p. 392. Amercements for Clare retailers, 1399–1425 Source: Kew,
TnA, sC2/203/65, Kew, TnA, sC2/203/66 and Kew, TnA, sC2/203/67.
Figure 53, p. 393. Amercements for Clare retailers, 1426–82 Source: Kew,
TnA, sC2/203/67–72.
Figure 54, p. 444. The bishop of Durham’s income from pits away from the
Tyneside and railey groups, 1416–1540
Figure 55, p. 446. The bishop of Durham’s income from wayleaves, 1472–1540
Figure 56, p. 447. The bishop of Durham’s income from the whickham and
Gateshead mines, 1416–1540