Towards Reviving the Missing Noble Characteristics of Traditional Habitual Social Life: “Al-Farej “In Kingdom of Bahrain

2019·2.2 MB·English

by  Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs

Contemporary Urban Affairs

2019, Volume 3, Number 2, pages 35– 46

Towards Reviving the Missing Noble Characteristics of
Traditional Habitual Social Life: “Al-Farej “In Kingdom
of Bahrain
*1 Dr. Islam H. El-Ghonaimy, 2 MA. Mariam Haider Al-Haddad
1 & 2 Department Of Architecture and interior design, College of Engineering, University of Bahrain, Bahrain
E mail: [email protected] E mail: [email protected]

A R T I C L E I N F O: A B S T R A C T
Article history: For a long time, Social life in Bahrain was unique and positive. Public Participation
Received 16 January 2018 and social cooperative with no reference of segregation or discrimination for long
Accepted 16 February 2018 time. Regularly residences were gathering together to discuss the daily life, solving
Available online 26 September
problems, discussing their economic and social issues with spirit of respecting human
2018
rights and civilization. In Bahrain, there were many elements, which were positively

in city quality of life. For example, “Al-Farej” which is common name for space in
Keywords:
old time in Bahrain, played the role of two main issues.
Urbanization;
The research problem is that, unfortunately, most of the old part of Manama city,
Social planning;
Capital of Bahrain, area suffer from losing the identity by modernization in many
Sustainability;
forms by urban developing. Consequently, day by day, the social life became different
Quality of life.
and lost most of noble characteristics of traditional habitual Social life. Bahraini
heritage alive in the old area of Manama City, the area needs a node and a reference
point for the community to gather in a better-built environment. Therefore, there is
essential need for proposing solution to revive the brilliant of social life in Kingdom
of Bahrain in term of gathering people for cultural events with economic return to
keep the rich history and importance of the area and enhance the environment of the
center of Manama.
This work is licensed under a The aim of the research is to propose solution to solve the missing of social life in old
Creative Commons Attribution -
part of Bahrain by giving guidelines in representing “Al-Farej” in modern way
NonCommercial - NoDerivs 4.0.
"CC-BY-NC-ND" matching with the modernization of life in Manama.

CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2019), 3(2), 35-46.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2018.4699

www.ijcua.com
Copyright © 2018 Contemporary Urban Affairs. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction individualistic socioeconomic codes owing to
The discreteness and positive credence of the their inherited civilization. The difference lied in
social life in Bahrain had stood the test of time their cradle of eminence, for their variant yet
by virtue of public participation and social solidary composition nourished their life quality.
cooperation void of ethnical or racial For example, “Al-Farej” played the role of two
discrimination. Since the birth of their
*Corresponding Author:
community, the residents took to non-
Department Of Architecture and interior design, College of
stereotypical assembling to settle upon their Engineering, University of Bahrain, Bahrain.
daily routine regulations, the daily life, sort out Email Address: [email protected]
the encountered challenges, stipulating their
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 35-46 / 2019

aspects of premier importance; firstly the city urban,…etc values. Moreover, introduce
acted as a prominent cultural center, which is guidelines to enhance social residence life in
an organization, building or complex that the study area.
promotes culture and arts in Manama. It was
common within Manama neighborhoods, to 1.4. Research Achievement:
supply the community with arts and other “Al-Farej” at the heart of Manama gathers
related faculties. While the second was people for cultural events for financial profits is
community gatherings centers, where the the key to enhance and revive the cultural and
community members get in touch to perform social of the center of Manama.
some group activities, grant social support, gain
public information, and secure other purposes. 1.5. Pilot study
They may sometimes be open for the whole Studying the history of Manama in general while
community or for a specialized group within the concentrating on Al Fadhel District (block 305),
greater community. Commonly “Al-Farej” had while Manama is the minor context, this
been organized by residencies within private, research will review and analyze the urban,
government-sponsored bodies, or activist-run. social, economic, architectural developments
From the researchers’ perspective, “Al-Farej” throughout its timeline past to present
was the node of the ancient part of Manama chronological sequence.
city.
1.6. Research Methodology
1.1. Research Importance i. Theoretical Phase: Data collection
The research casts the light on the social and about old district from different
historical roots of Manama in general and Farej resources about Manama throughout
Al-Fadhel in specific for they once had the assembling old photos. Interviewing
upper hand; thanks to their wealth and worth. residence even elderly or recently
Lamentably, these have been no more but residents in Al-Fadhel district or its novice
decayed ruins after the negligence of the old immigrants for information retrieval from
social pattern and the traditional vernacular Al-Farej residents.
architecture of the deceased Bahraini style. In ii. Analytical Phase: gathered data and
brief, the research comes up with a solution that generating a timeline comprising the
will revive the Genius loci of the area by an most important information
architectural product, serving as a cultural iii. Findings: After analyzing all data that
community center at the heart of Manama, to were collected, design guidelines will
revive the former domineering center of social be generated.
and cultural values of the Bahraini communities.
2. Manama city, Capital of Kingdom of
Bahrain
1.2. Research problem 2.1. Location
The disintegration of the urban fabric and The kingdom of Bahrain is in the Gulf between
architecture structure in the study area Saudi Arabia and Qatar and is made up of 36
negatively affected the social traits, life quality islands. The capital city of Manama serves as the
and cultural values of the residents. hub of most of the population and economic
Unfortunately, most of the old part of Manama activities. (Susan Wolfinbarger, 2014). Before the
area suffer identity loss by the rampant wave of development of the planning schemes and
modernization in many aspects of the action of housing projects from the government, the
its urban development. Consequently, each island's inhabitants were dispersed in
day passes by ripping off the remains of their approximately fifty small settlements, which
distinguishing legacy, to mourn the loss of their primarily included villages and hamlets. These
bygone noble and traditional traits of their villages were mostly located near the coast and
regular social life. Consequently, the research in the interior part of the island near the springs.
will explore problems in depth and find why The settlements were based on the sources of
applying modernism are commonly negative natural springs and the presence of date palms.
upon the study area. (Al-Nabi, The history of land use and
development in Bahrain, 2012)
1.3. Research Goals Manama (Al Manamah), the capital, is located
Searching about a node “reference point” for on the northeastern tip of the island of Bahrain.
the community which should be a building with Moreover, Manama has the most commercial
social, culture, historical, economic, and cultural centers. Manama's expansion since
Islam H. El-Ghonaimy, Mariam Haider Al-Haddad 36
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 35-46 / 2019

1960, when its population was only 62,000 and points will explore the significant changed
estimated the population of 152,000 in 1992. locations.
Most of the residences were in entire villages,
fields, and palm and fruit groves located to the 3.1. Identity of Vernacular Architecture in
east, north, and south being incorporated as Bahrain
part of the urban sprawl. Recently, it also spread The term identity, from the Latin word meaning
to the west through the reclamation of hundreds (sameness), has become problematically
of hectares from the sea. (Pike, 2011). See figure defined throughout the history to mean
1&2 in Appendix ‘A’. differences as well as similarities, within
traditional Western/Euro-centric approaches to
2.2. Manama in the Decay Aftermath Era the study of cultural identity; many people have
Historically Manama started developing as a been excluded as (others).
gateway to the central Bahrain Island. The old “The issue of architectural identity has been a
Manama Port, the place on which the present global concern for many nations, especially in
Bab-Al-Bahrain building was erected during the last century”(Al-Bahar, 1985, p.98).
1940, was the starting point for the growth of Contemporary architecture in some Arab
Manama and expanded eastwards towards countries lost the traditional values, which
Ras Ruman and westwards towards Naeem encouraged the researcher to investigate these
along the coast. Gradually it also extended values and try to revive them in the
towards the south. See figure ‘3’, Appendix ‘A’. contemporary architecture. According to
The 1951 aerial photograph below shows the Guibernau (2007) identity is defined as the
extent of growth of Manama as a dense continuity over time and differentiation from
contagious area extending to the south up to others taking into consideration the
Sunni graveyard and up Hoora and Gudaibiya fundamental elements of national identity.
in the southeast. (Hamosh, Manama City Plans. Continuity springs from the conception of the
Bahrain, 2009). Further, south and at southeast, nation as a historically rooted entity those
there was barren land and at the southwest projects into the future. Individuals perceive this
were palm tree gardens up to the sea. It should continuity through a set of experiences that
be noted that this district of Manama was built spread out across time and united by a
and developed by residents’ needs abiding by common meaning, something that only 'insiders'
no planning strategy. (Al-Nabi, the History of can grasp. Differentiation stems from others
Land Use and Development in Bahrain, 2012). leading to the distinction between members
See Figures’4 to 9’, Appendix ‘A’. (those who belong) and "strangers", who are
looked upon as"' the different' and, sometimes,
3. Identity and Urban Changes on Social Life 'the enemy'.
The economic forces growth is developing with
a growing number of new buildings projects in 3.2. Key Questions Concerning identity in
individualistic designs, leading to an urban Vernacular Aspects in Bahrain
development that is not guided by any general The critical questions concerning identity in
urban master plan but built up of separate case- Vernacular aspects in Bahrain are (Who am I?)
by-case decisions instead. The rapidness and (Who are we?). In fact, defining identity; as an
size of these projects in a grouping with shrinking interpretation of the self in both social and
restrictions have resulted in decreasing the psychological terms that establishes what and
quality of the built environment in Bahraini where the person is. Mainly social relations and
districts, mainly due to a deficit of technical and representations emerge within a system to
social infrastructure. The affected development present those identities. In Bahrain, there is a
of Bahrain’s capital Manama is a witness of the force to spread their national identity in national
deficiency of the current urbanization in old projects, as it is a subject of architectural
districts, where speculation-driven growth has significance. (Figure 10 & 11) in Appendix ‘A’.
led to fast urban progress without sufficient
integration of the needs of native residents 3.3. Modernization and Lost Identity of the
(Wiedmann, 2010). The urbanization process Vernacular Architecture in Bahrain
affects social life in many forms. In the study, the The modernization development in all life fields
researcher will tackle the prime constituent of as the Western cultural and intellectual invasion
the country which is identity. The identity is in the beginnings of the 20th century with the
acknowledged to be manifested in the urban steady increase in population. Furthermore, in
pattern, architecture and social and economic buildings, the local design principles were
activates in a named community. The following replaced by foreign standards that have
Islam H. El-Ghonaimy, Mariam Haider Al-Haddad 37
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 35-46 / 2019

changed the architectural and urban form, In conclusion, we can find that there is hybrid
such as the human scale. pattern fusing old traditional concepts with the
The urbanization affects the urban pattern and new contemporary architecture. Consequently,
the related architectural designs. It directed many social changes resulted in the form of
towards using the western ideology rather than losing identity, losing some social spaces,
its local counterpart, in many of Bahrain cities. decrease of public participation in developing
This reckless course of infringements towards the the district and the loss of social interacting
vehicular architectures adopted the between districts residents. All these
westernization policies to the architectural consequences led to delicate social fabrics. It
design in different approaches. Most of the new should be noted that a large number of the
building designs did not flow the ideology of the local residences in the old part of Manama city
characteristic of vehicular architecture in moved out. As a result, the existing residences
Bahrain. Therefore, identity loss in the urban become a mixture of the native and novice,
fabric is the ultimate result of that narrative. which cause identities losing most of their social
These areas have turned into a westernized identity and habits. Even in Bahrain 2030
environment as well as the most of the new National Planning Development Strategy, the
buildings’ forms and appeared with a new focus upon developing the urban fabric and
Western-style rather than a Bahraini one. Thus, architecture is to adopt modernization with
they often failed to achieve environmental and minor concern towards the impacts of
humanitarian functions. In return, it negatively architecture upon social life in Bahraini residents.
affects the social interaction between
residences in general. High buildings are 4. “Al-Farej” in Manama city
contradictory to the vernacular architecture as 4.1. Defending “Al-Farej”
well buildings materials. See figure ‘12’ in Studying “Al-Farej”, which is a limited urban
Appendix ‘A’. area, was due to the significance of social
. interacting occurred within old districts.
Regularly “Al-Farej” was named is a relation to
3.4. Bahrain National Planning 2030 and one of the prominent families in the area. The
identity of the Bahraini Social life: name of the Al-Farej is derived from the old craft
Referencing of Bahrain National Planning 2030, of the pearl hole, which is a pearl breach. The
they stated that, The National Plan seeks to nearest definition and the meaning of Al-Farej is
transform Bahrain into a prosperous and a small district or a neighborhood. Defending
innovative city-state of the 21st Century. In the and exploring the importance of selecting Al-
time of petroleum discovery, many national Farej came from the essential positive function
master plans were created to serve the of Al-Farej. Homogenous interweaving between
government in managing the economy of different social background with different faiths,
Bahrain. Many significant elements such as approaches and beliefs.
natural resources, inadequate housing, needs
for specific zoning and insufficient public open 4.2. Main features of “Al-Farej”:
space, low standard of transport infrastructure, The family and its structure as members were at
and the need for improved education and all times the most important key factor in survival
depth economic issues and employment studies and success. Its social network helped weak
were addressed in these plans. The 2030 members to survive, and its clear hierarchy with
National Plan of Bahrain lays out ten key a tribal leader as the sheikh made for an active
strategies that coordinate and focus organization that defended common interests.
development, control land speculation, protect The size and wealth of a family determined the
resources, preserve historic and ecologically power in different levels under its control and
significant sites, integrate transport and ensure had led to the substantial identity. The Friday
public access to open space and the Mosque in “Al-Farej” as an urban element;
waterfront. As shown in the report, the absence became the most critical public arena for the
of concerning the modernization process and community; besides its function as a religious
the negative impact of changing in urban center. It was often used as a court or school,
fabrics and the architecture vocabulary upon particularly in smaller settlements. Its simple
social life in Bahraini residence. Figure’13’, cubic form with an additional square, often
Appendix ‘A’. enclosed by walls to form a courtyard, could be
easily expanded according to the growth of the
3.5. Symptoms of identity Loss in Bahraini Social settlement. Thus, the size of the Friday mosque
life was often an expression of the number of
Islam H. El-Ghonaimy, Mariam Haider Al-Haddad 38
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 35-46 / 2019

inhabitants of “Al-Farej” (Wiedmann, 2010). The market, Farej al-Fadhel is inhabited by Omanis,
local market was the heart of urban fabric and Indians (especially the Bohras) and Jews, as well
considered significant element in intermediate as Bahraini. Although, we can find that most of
with some Al-Farejs that most of the economic the Farej residents celebrate religious and
exchanges have regularly happened in national holidays together. Al-Fadhel District
considerable scale Families had their intimate (Block 305), a minor context of Manama. See
space within Al-Farej. They lived and grew to do figure ‘15’ in Appendix ‘A’.
their business and educated in this fringe, which Recently, Al-Fadhel District suffers from many
is a microcosm of Bahrain. Integration and urban context problems in term of missing the
commutation were processed in the regular open public spaces that were regularly used in
base, which carries diversity in its social fabric. meeting or gathering. These open spaces were
Residences were living together with the original used in meeting or convention in different
educational values in different levels and types circumstances as part of their traditional habits.
and learn skills and handcrafts that were instilled Regularly, residences run conferences and
within each other. They also grew up in the love gathering to manage their daily life in such
of cooperation among all. The strong bonding areas. Solving problems and controlling the
of the children of Al-Farej, from the Al-farej inters life process in their districts were sun as
urban pattern. See figure 14, in Appendix ‘A’. well, which regularly is operated by one of the
Significance of “Al-Farej” in Manama city: selected old people with social and economic
Long time in Manama city, Al-Farej had power.
significant impact upon social and economic of Al-Fadhel District sustained missing these types
Bahraini and non-Bahraini life. Reviving “Al- of open spaces or buildings, lacking greenery
Farej” in old parts of Manama city are to: and water surfaces, which once was schematic;
i. Socially; loss of reference point for the old community
a. Enhance the social life of current residences. (The old residents) nor the new city for social life
b. Attract the society again to the culturally and losing the historical and cultural heritage.
rich districts and educate them about the Al-Fadhel residences run some social
values of these areas. celebration events but in some multipurpose
ii. Economically; halls out the district which is meaningless
a. Enhance the commercial and trading life compared with the original target of such
and the economy of current residences. gathering. See figure ‘16’, in Appendix ‘A’.
b. Make advantage of the “opportunity cost”
(In microeconomic theory, it also known as
alternative cost) 4.5. Summary of the Inventory and Site Analysis
iii. Physical Environmental; of Farej Al-Fadhel
a. Revive the historical cultural principles. Field survey and interviews with Farej Al-Fadhel
b. Decrease aesthetic pollution and bridge the residences were designed to examine the
gap in Manama city. hypnosis that inhabitants are missing the spirit of
Al-Farej in their life. The main observation are as
4.3. Changing Al-Farej Characteristics follows:
Recently, there was actively changing Al-Farej
characteristics due to the changing of the 4.5.1.From the Social Perspective
urban fabrics, local emigration from the old i. It was the town for many well-known
families, changing of economic activities, and families.
style of life instead of the local emigrants, most ii. It consisted of Arab families, however,
of the original families belong to their unique that the majority population is foreigners,
roles and homes. Extending from the depth of but Manama is still an attraction and
belonging to Al-Farej residential spirit. (Al Humar, valued space for all Bahrainis.
2012). iii. In religion events, Mostly people in the
past go from one religious institution to
4.4. Pilot study; Farej Al Fadhel (District); another.
Manama City iv. Other religions respected and loved the
Farej Al Fadhel (Al Fadhel District) located in Bahraini families and their religious
Manama, capital of the Kingdom of Bahrain, is activities as they fasted in Ramadan with
adjacent to the Manama market and Farej Al the Muslims.
Maharka, which was one of the main areas of v. The mixed-use of a large percentage of
the capital before its expansion in the 20th buildings combined with the population
century. Unlike other regions of the Manama density and minimal open space
Islam H. El-Ghonaimy, Mariam Haider Al-Haddad 39
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 35-46 / 2019

provides minimum conditions for a cosmetic changes considering
diverse urban life. environmental hazards.
vi. The small plot size of most land holdings iii. The overwhelming car traffic and
is also a factor in limiting the intrusion of undisciplined parking in the narrow,
large, single-use buildings which would winding streets is also a significant
threaten the current and historic force in speeding the decay of
diversity. Manama causing different type of
vii. Neighbors had a healthy relationship, pollutions such as aesthetic, noise
and they were always together, so they and air pollutions.
never got bored.
viii. The first school for girls was built in Al- 4.6. Reviving Traditional Social Interacting of
Fadhel district (Aisha Um-Almumineen Al-Fadhel District
School). From the previous justifications, Al-Farej idea is a
ix. The relationship between the families community hub (node) inspired form Al-Farej
and their houses were always open to concept following Bahraini heritage inspiration.
welcome anyone and were so intense. A building in the heart of Manama that gathers
x. It had one spring, which was in Al-Fadhel people for different events and cultural activities
mosque, and it had a pool, then to keep the rich history and importance of the
residents made a showering area from area. It will be a place for the community to:
to ab accessible by the residents to  Gather, talk, share knowledge and skills,
shower.  Educate the new generation the
xi. They had two central Majlis (halls) for artistry handcrafts.
gatherings, cooking and welcoming  Reference point for them to meet and
guests from the Gulf countries. Figure 17, gather inside the district in a suitable built
Appendix ‘A’. environment instead of gathering outside
carried by the Majlis concept. Al-Farej
a. From the Economic Perspective concept will be applied to keep the
i. The top car trading, perfume Bahraini heritage strong.
business and famous for pearl  Having facilities like a cultural café
trading owner lived there. and restaurant to benefit the current
ii. Best teachers and best driving community (economic value). See
trainers lived there. figure 18 in appendix ‘A’.
iii. Best ice cream, sambusa shop in the Therefore, the concept of the project is:
district, they were famous even in
KSA. a. The revival: The old residents and elderly of
iv. The first fire, trucks were brought the well-known families gather in halls inside
there. the district to achieve the projects targets.
v. There is missing of having centers for The revival of the system of the Majlis for Al-
traditional crafts and skills Fadhel district to return as the core of
interacting, running the family meetings. The poets of Bahrain are famous
production project or even for their poetic verses and carry on
managing public participation established traditions while also exploring
meetings to develop the district. new themes, as well as the art of storytelling.
vi. Near the Main Market, which was Using the pure Traditional Bahraini style in
beneficial for the businesspersons, as designing the spaces and elements of the
they used to walk to their works building (Windows, doors, … etc.).
without using Vehicles, minimum air b. The anchor: The project will be the
and noise pollution are there. node in the cultural activities map of
b. From the Environmental Perspective: the Municipality of Culture. A point of
i. It is the essential district as it is located reference to the community. “Al-Farej”
in the heart of Manama, most of the idea should be installed on the
residences manage the collecting Municipality of culture events
and disposing of wastes there. calendar. “Al-Farej” idea aims to
ii. A surprisingly large number of become anchor the history and
traditional houses also still stand in cultural heritage in Manama
low-quality conditions while many of consequently will not lose Manama
these have become almost invisible identity, as well as attracting people
under a cloak of renovations and
Islam H. El-Ghonaimy, Mariam Haider Al-Haddad 40
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 35-46 / 2019

again to Manama. See figure’19’, in The idea is a space that will be created and
Appendix ‘A’. conserved for and by the old community. It will
be a space that will be conserved and
4.7. Conclusion: maintained and will be set as an example to
Bahrain was known since decades for its rich encourage the conservation of the other
history and culture, the nest of all the deep and ancient and historical parts of the areas.
rooted history is anchored in Manama. Facilities like a cultural café and restaurant will
Unfortunately, most of the old parts of Manama be introduced to benefit the current community
is suffering from the decay in its identity and and of economic value. Reference to the data
heritage by modernization. The social life, which analysis of the interviews, Al-Farej project, has to
once was strong and formed the urban fabric of follow some fundamentals, such as:
the cities, is changing making communities a. Respect the history of the place and the
weak while losing the traditional habits and existing historical buildings.
nodes. The old areas and neighborhoods in b. Reflect the economic significance of the
Manama city lack public spaces for residents to area.
meet or gather for the revival of the traditional c. Respond to the social and religious activities.
culture and heritage that once was rich in the d. Revive the greenery and water element,
districts. From the previous studies, due to the which once dominated.
accelerated development, urbanization and e. Reflect the art and crafts which demolished.
globalization have negative impacts upon the f. Respond to the historical development of
vernacular and traditional built environment, Manama.
which dramatically affect negatively upon
social life of Bahraini within Manama city. Acknowledgment
Specifically, there is no clear identity for the Special thanks to Deanship of Graduate Studies
district there. Moreover, there are no sufficient and Scientific research for supporting this
tries that deal with the traditional issues of research paper via Scientific Research Project
Manama city. Consequently, the idea of number 2014/7 and special appreciations for
reviving the Missing Noble Characteristics of the respecting research assistant Architect
Traditional Habitual Social Life should be Mohamed Elghoneimy, Architect Needa Javed
examined by preserving architecture solution, and Architect Huma Mohamed for their efforts
which shows the identity of Vernacular issues in within the research.
Bahrain. “Al-Farej “; is the Bright of Reviving the
Brilliant of Social Life in the Kingdom of Bahrain.
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Islam H. El-Ghonaimy, Mariam Haider Al-Haddad 42
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 35-46 / 2019

Appendix A: Figures

Figure 1: Principle springs of Bahrain (Al-Nabi, 2012) Figure 2: Settlement areas of Bahrain in 1996
(Wiedmann, 2010)

Figure 3: Manama developments timeline, source: Authors

Figure 4: Aerial view of Manama, circa 1950s., Droodkin, Figure 5: Ras Roman Residential district
(Droodkin, 2007) Droodkin, (Droodkin, 2007)
Islam H. El-Ghonaimy, Mariam Haider Al-Haddad 43
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 35-46 / 2019

Figure 6: Topographic Map of Manama 1951. Figure 7: Topographic Map of Manama 1930
(Al-Nabi, The History of Land use and Development in Bahrain, 2012)

Figure 9: Implementation of Manama Master Plan
Figure 8: Existing soft scape in the British colony period end of 1960. 1988
(Hamosh, Manama City Plans. Bahrain, 2009) (Al-Nabi, The History of Land use and Development in
Bahrain, 2012)

Figure 10. Commercial complex, Seef area Governmental Housing UoB campus (Authors 2018)

Islam H. El-Ghonaimy, Mariam Haider Al-Haddad 44