Towards Democratic Viability: The Bolivian Experience (St. Antony's)

255 Pages·2001·3.36 MB·English

by  Crab John

Towards Democratic
Viability
The Bolivian Experience
Edited by
John Crabtree and Laurence Whitehead
crabtree/whitehead/94339/crc 25/1/01 10:27 am Page 1
St Antony’s Series
General Editor: Richard Clogg(1999– ), Fellow of St Antony’s College, Oxford
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Towards Democratic
Viability
The Bolivian Experience
Edited by
John Crabtree
Research Associate
Latin American Centre
St Antony’s College
Oxford
and
Laurence Whitehead
Official Fellow in Politics
Nuffield College
Oxford
in association with
St Antony’s College, Oxford
crabtree/whitehead/94339/crc 25/1/01 10:27 am Page 4
Editorial matter and selection © John Crabtree
and Laurence Whitehead 2001
Chapters 1 and 2 © Laurence Whitehead 2001
Chapters 3–11 © Palgrave Publishers Ltd 2001
All rights reserved.No reproduction,copy or transmission of
this publication may be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced,copied or
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ISBN 0–333–80210–1
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Towards democratic viability :the Bolivian experience / edited by
John Crabtree and Laurence Whitehead.
p.cm.— (St.Antony’s)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0–333–80210–1
1.Democracy—Bolivia.2.Bolivia—Politics and government.
I.Crabtree,John,1950– II.Whitehead,Laurence.III.St Antony’s
series.
JL2281 .T69 2000
320.984—dc21
00–066554
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01
Printed and bound in Great Britain by
Antony Rowe Ltd,Chippenham,Wiltshire
Contents
Notes on Contributors vii
Introduction x
Part I Context
1 The Viability of Democracy 3
Laurence Whitehead
2 The Emergence of Democracy in Bolivia 21
Laurence Whitehead
3 Economic Vulnerability in Bolivia 41
Juan Antonio Morales
Part II Poverty and Exclusion
4 Exclusion, Participation and Democratic
State-building 63
George Gray-Molina
5 Rural Poverty and Development 83
Jorge Muñoz
6 Technology and Rural Productivity 100
Diego Sánchez de Lozada and Carlos Valenzuela
7 Human Development in a Multi-ethnic Society 120
Fernando Ruiz-Mier
Part III Institutional Problems and Responses
8 Party Politics, Intermediation and Representation 141
Pilar Domingo
9 The Private Sector and Democratization 160
Horst Grebe López
10 Legal Security in Bolivia 179
Eduardo Rodríguez Veltzé
v
vi Contents
11 Accountability in the Transition to Democracy 195
Antonio Sánchez de Lozada
Conclusions 216
John Crabtree and Laurence Whitehead
Index 235
Contributors
John Crabtree is a research associate of the Latin American Centre,
Oxford. He first wrote on Bolivian politics in the late 1970s and early
1980s. He was La Paz correspondent for The Economist and The Guardian
(1980–3). From 1985 to 1997 he was Latin American editor at Oxford
Analytica. He has written widely on Latin American politics, with a
focus on the Andean countries.
Pilar Domingo is a lecturer in politics at Queen Mary and Westfield
College, University of London. She received her D.Phil. at Oxford in
1997. Her research interests include political institutions and government,
justice systems, and the politics of human rights in Latin America. Her
specialist interest is in Mexico and Bolivia.
George Gray-Molina is a doctoral candidate in politics at Nuffield College,
Oxford. His dissertation focuses on the politics of Popular Participation
in Bolivia (1994–9). He has worked on poverty, decentralization and
public policy reform for the Inter-American Development Bank and the
Fundación Diálogo. He has acted as social policy adviser for the Harvard
Institute for International Development. His upcoming research focuses
on pro-poor policies in Latin America.
Horst Grebe López is the president of the Bolivian Society of Political
Economy and executive director of the Instituto Prisma. Between 1994
and 1998, he was executive director of the Fundación Milenio, prior to
which he was academic coordinator for FLACSO’s Bolivian programme.
He has had academic teaching positions in universities in Mexico and
Venezuela, as well as in his native Bolivia.
Juan Antonio Morales has been the president of the Central Bank of
Bolivia since 1995. Born in Cochabamba in 1943, he obtained his bach-
elor’s and master’s degrees in economics at the Catholic University of
Louvain, Belgium in 1967, and his Ph.D. in economics at the same
university in 1971. Dr Morales has taught at the Catholic University of
Bolivia in La Paz for 26 years, and has been a visiting professor in several
universities in the Americas and Europe. He has written extensively on
economic stabilization and the political economy of economic reform.
Jorge Muñoz is an economist at the World Bank, working on land
reform and rural development strategies in Africa, and has recently
vii
viii Contributors
completed a study of land markets in Bolivia. He was previously the
Harvard Institute for International Development’s senior resident
adviser to the Bolivian government on a range of social policy issues. He
received a Ph.D. in agricultural economics at Stanford University.
Eduardo Rodríguez Veltzé was appointed a member of Bolivia’s
Supreme Court of Justice in 1999, prior to which he was deputy comp-
troller for legal services in the office of the Comptroller General. He is a
professor of civil and administrative law at the Catholic University and the
Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar. He studied law at the Universidad
Mayor de San Simón in Cochabamba and public administration at the
Kennedy School at Harvard.
Fernando Ruiz-Mier is a partner at KPMG Bolivia. Between 1993 and
1995 he was National Secretary for Social Policy and Investment in
Bolivia. As such, he was particularly involved in health and educational
policy at the time that education and decentralization reforms were being
enacted. He holds a Ph.D. from Purdue University, and his professional
experience ranges from service in public and international organizations
through to teaching and consulting.
Antonio Sánchez de Lozada is a consultant and speaker on poverty
alleviation, watershed management, participatory local government
and democratic accountability. He was a Bolivian Senator (1993–7), and
Comptroller General of the Republic (1982–92), in which capacity he
initiated the Integrated System of Financial Management and Control
(SAFCO). Between 1969 and 1971 he was Minister of Finance and Bolivian
Ambassador to the United States. He obtained his bachelor’s and master’s
degrees at Cornell University in 1953 and 1956.
Diego Sánchez de Lozada is a consultant on agricultural research, rural
development, natural resource management and agro-industrial processes.
As well as founder member of the Bolivian Soil Science Society, he is a
lecturer at the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz. He has
conducted research on pre-Columbian agriculture and environmental
biophysics in the Bolivian Altiplano. He received his master’s degree
and doctorate in soil physics at Cornell University in 1992 and 1996.
Carlos Valenzuela is the director of the Center for Aerospace Surveys
and Applications at the University Mayor de San Simón in Cochabamba.
He received his master’s degree in 1977 from the International Institute
for Aerospace Surveys and Earth Sciences (ITC) at Enschede in the
Netherlands, with which he maintains a close working relationship.
Contributors ix
He received his doctorate in 1985 from Purdue University. He has written
two books on geographic information systems and remote sensing, as
well as numerous technical papers.
Laurence Whitehead is an official fellow in politics at Nuffield College,
Oxford. He is also co-editor of the Journal of Latin American Studies
and series editor of the Oxford Studies on Democratization. He first
published on Bolivia in the 1960s, and has written numerous articles
and other contributions since then. He has also published widely on
the process of democratization in Latin America more generally.