Towards a Victimology of State Crime

280 Pages·2014·3.188 MB·English

by  Dawn Rothe, David Kauzlarich, (eds.)

TOWARDS A VICTIMOLOGY OF
STATE CRIME
Millions of people have been victimized by the actions and omissions of states and
governments. This collection provides expert analyses of such victimizations across
the world, from Europe, the United States, and Africa to New Zealand and South
America. Leading scholars in the area of state crime describe the nature, extent, and
distribution of state crime victimization, as well as theoretical and practical paths for
understanding, explaining, and aiding victims of massive harms by governments.
Cases of state crime and state victimization are presented on Brazilian, Native
American, and New Zealand children; Somalian pirates; Columbian, South Afri-
can, and Bosnian civilians; United States immigrants; and war crime victimization
in World War II. Other chapters delve into formal and informal ways to address
victimization through the European Court of Human Rights, the International
Criminal Court, and provide analyses of justice processes around the world.
This anthology bridges the latest thinking, theory, and research in the fields of state
crime and victimology and provides a general resource concerning basic issues related
to victimization – particularly victims of state crime. As such, it fills a major gap in the
literature by providing the first text and scholarly book focused solely on a victimol-
ogy of state crime. This book is essential reading for undergraduates, postgraduates,
socio-legal jurists, and academics with an interest in state crime and victimology.
Dawn L. Rothe is an Associate Professor at Old Dominion University, US and
the Director of the International State Crime Research Center as well as the Direc-
tor of the PhD in Criminology Program there. She is the author or co-author of
six books and over seven dozen peer-reviewed articles and book chapters dealing
with the topics of state crime, state-corporate crime, crimes of globalization, and
international institutions of social control.
David Kauzlarich is Professor of Sociology at Southern Illinois University,
Edwardsville, US. He is the author of several books and articles on state crime,
criminology, and sociological theory. He has been given several honors for both
his teaching and research.
‘This book is long overdue. Rothe and Kauzlarich expose the most pervasive forms
of victimization, and have given voice to the millions of people that have been
victimized by states. States, since their inception, have had a monopoly on violence
and oppression. This book demands our attention.’
Rick Matthews, Professor of Sociology and Criminal Justice,
Carthage College, USA
‘Towards a Victimology of State Crime is a book long overdue in the evolving field
of state crime. Dawn Rothe and David Kauzlarich have assembled an outstanding
team of experts to advance our understanding of state violence and highlight the
victimization that is all too often glossed over or ignored in the state crime litera-
ture. By placing a spotlight on the experiences of victims of state crime and further
illuminating the causes and consequences of state-sanctioned violence, Rothe and
Kauzlarich have laid the foundation for significant progress in the empirical and
theoretical realms of explaining state criminality and victimization.’
Emily Lenning, Assistant Professor, Fayetteville State University, USA
‘State crime exacts a significant human toll; it destroys communities and burdens
entire generations. Yet criminologists have devoted very little attention to the
experience and struggle of state crime’s victims. Consequently, Towards a Victimol-
ogy of State Crime is a timely and important intervention. Its rigorous and stimulat-
ing range of international case studies – composed by leading scholars in the field
– will help push victimology debates in the right direction.’
Kristian Lasslett, Lecturer in Criminology, University of Ulster and member
of the International State Crime Initiative’s Executive Board, Ireland, UK
‘In pulling together this excellent collection of essays on state crimes and victimi-
zation from around the globe, Rothe and Kauzlarich have not only helped to fill
a gap in the existing literature, by connecting these two areas of criminological
theory and practice, but they have also provided a launching pad for navigating the
complexities of state crime victimization.’
Gregg Barak, Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice,
Eastern Michigan University, USA
TOWARDS A
VICTIMOLOGY OF
STATE CRIME
Edited by Dawn L. Rothe and
David Kauzlarich
RO Routledge
UTLEDG Taylor & Francis Group
E
LONDON AND NEW YORK
First published 2014
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2014 selection and editorial material, Dawn L. Rothe and David Kauzlarich;
individual chapters, the contributors.
The right of Dawn L. Rothe and David Kauzlarich to be identified
as the editors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance
with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording,
or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and
explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Towards a victimology of state crime /
edited by Dawn L. Rothe and David Kauzlarich.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978–0–415–63900–2 (hardback)–
ISBN 978–0–203–08353–6 (e-book)
1. State crimes. 2. Victims of crimes. 3. Human rights.
4. Political atrocities. I. Rothe, Dawn, 1961– II. Kauzlarich, David.
HV6251.6.T69 2014
362.88–dc23
2013028565
ISBN: 978–0–415–63900–2 (hbk)
ISBN: 978–0–203–08353–6 (ebk)
Typeset in Bembo
by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon
CONTENTS
Illustrations vii
Contributors viii
Preface xii
PART I
State crimes, harms, and victimizations 1
1 A victimology of state crime 3
Dawn L. Rothe and David Kauzlarich
2 The victimization of street children in Brazil 15
Fernanda Fonseca Rosenblatt
3 Accumulating atrocities: capital, state killing and the
cultural life of the dead 33
Tyler Wall and Travis Linnemann
4 The victimization of children in state-run homes in
New Zealand 46
Elizabeth Stanley
5 Somali pirates: victims or perpetrators or both? 66
Victoria Ellen Collins
6 Victimizing the undocumented: immigration policy and
border enforcement as state crime 87
Raymond Michalowski and Lisa Hardy
vi Contents
7 “Death flies down”: the bombing of civilians and the
paradox of international law 110
Ronald C. Kramer and Amanda Marie Smith
8 State crime and the re-victimization of displaced populations:
the case of Haiti 131
Victoria Ellen Collins
9 Victimisation during and after war: empirical findings
from Bosnia 149
Stephan Parmentier and Elmar G.M. Weitekamp
PART II
Responses to state crime victimization 171
10 European Court of Human Rights: accountability to whom? 173
Isabel Schoultz
11 The victims of the colombian conflict and restorative justice 191
Isabella Bueno
12 Institutional and structural victimisation: apartheid South Africa 212
Robert Peacock
13 Controlling state crime and the possibility of creating
more victims 225
Jeffrey Ian Ross and Peter Grabosky
14 Can an international criminal justice system address
victims’ needs? 238
Dawn L. Rothe
Index 250
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figures
9.1 Age distribution total sample – age groups and frequencies 157
9.2 Highest level of education completed at the time of the survey 158
9.3 Religious affiliation 159
9.4 High physical, material and emotional suffering during and after
the war 164
14.1 A self-memorial of atrocity taken May 2011 in Dubrovnik, Croatia 245
Tables
5.1 Number of attacks as reported by the international maritime
bureau 1991–2012 69
5.2 Number of crew injured and killed as a percentage of total attacks in
Somalia 70
9.1 Membership in victim organisations or war veteran associations 159
9.2 Direct and indirect victimisation experiences 160
9.3 Pearson correlations between victimisation experiences 162
9.4 Active participation in the war 163
9.5 Self-perceived (subjective) suffering (physical, material, emotional)
during and after the war 164
9.6 Return after forced displacement 166
10.1 European Court judgments relating to Sweden between the years
2000 and 2010 180
14.1 Case-specific victim data 243
CONTRIBUTORS
Isabella Bueno is a Colombian researcher at the Leuven Institute of Criminology.
She obtained a bachelor’s degree in Law as well as a master’s degree in International
Law from the University of La Sorbonne, in Paris. Since 2008 she has been work-
ing on a research project on mass victimization and restorative justice in Colombia.
The aim of project is to deepen our understanding with regard to the applicability
of restorative justice in a transitional justice context of ongoing conflict.
Victoria Ellen Collins is an Assistant Professor in the School of Justice Studies at
Eastern Kentucky University. She recently completed her dissertation, in which
she examined the processes involved in creating, implementing, and enforcing
policy on maritime piracy. Her research and teaching interests include state crime,
victimology, white-collar crime, transnational crime, and violence against women.
Some of her recent work has appeared in journals such as International Criminal Law
Review, Critical Criminology, Contemporary Justice Review, and The Australian and New
Zealand Journal of Criminology.
Peter Grabosky is a Professor in the Regulatory Institutions Network, Research
School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, and a Fellow
of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia. He holds a PhD in Political Sci-
ence from Northwestern University and has written extensively on criminal justice
and public policy. His general interests are in organized crime, cyber crime and,
more generally, in harnessing resources outside the public sector in the furtherance
of public policy.
Lisa Hardy is a medical anthropologist and Assistant Professor of Anthropology
at Northern Arizona University with over a decade of experience as a qualitative
researcher focused on health policy and health disparities. Her work has appeared
Contributors ix
in publications such as the American Journal of Public Health and Public Health Reports
as well as in numerous evaluations of health policy and health practices.
David Kauzlarich is Professor of Sociology at Southern Illinois University
Edwardsville (SIUE). His main areas of interest are state crime, music and society,
victimization, and critical sociological theory. He has received several top teaching
and research awards, including honors from SIUE and the American Society of
Criminology’s Critical Criminology Division. He is currently Editor-in-Chief of
Critical Criminology: An International Journal.
Ronald C. Kramer is Professor of Sociology and Director of the Criminal Jus-
tice Program at Western Michigan University in Kalamazoo, Michigan. His books
include: Crimes of the American Nuclear State: At Home and Abroad (with David Kau-
zlarich); State-Corporate Crime: Wrongdoing at the Intersection of Business and Govern-
ment (with Raymond Michalowski); and State Crime in the Global Age (edited with
William J. Chambliss and Raymond Michalowski). Dr. Kramer is a recipient of
the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Division of Critical Criminology of
the American Society of Criminology. His most recent research focuses on climate
change as state-corporate crime.
Travis Linnemann is Assistant Professor of Sociology and Criminal Justice at Old
Dominion University. His research concerns the cultural politics of drug control
and the reciprocities between the “war on drugs” and “war on terror.” His work
has appeared in the academic journals Critical Criminology, Theoretical Criminology,
Crime Media Culture and British Journal of Criminology, among others.
Raymond Michalowski is a sociologist and Arizona Regents Professor of Crimi-
nology at Northern Arizona University. His published works include books on
state crime, state-corporate crime, criminology, and the use of ritual in the political
reconstruction of memories of war, as well as articles on the political economy of
crime and punishment, immigration policy and immigration conflict, environmen-
tal crime, and justice practices in socialist Cuba.
Stephan Parmentier teaches sociology of crime, law, and human rights in the
Faculty of Law of the University of Leuven (Belgium) and has served as the head
of the Department of Criminal Law and Criminology (2005–9). In July 2010 he
was appointed Secretary-General of the International Society for Criminology and
he also serves on the Advisory Board of the Oxford Centre of Criminology and
on the Board of the International Institute for Sociology of Law (Oñati). He is co-
editor (with Jeremy Sarkin and Elmar Weitekamp) of the international book series
on Transitional Justice published by Intersentia, Antwerp. His research interests
include political crimes, transitional justice and human rights, and the administra-
tion of criminal justice. Between 1999 and 2002 he served as the vice-president of
the Flemish section of Amnesty International.