Towards a Semantic Web. Connecting Knowledge in Academic Research

527 Pages·2011·3.809 MB·English

by  Bill Cope, Mary Kalantzis and Liam Magee (Auth.)

Towards a Semantic Web
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Towards a Semantic Web
Connecting knowledge in
academic research
B C
ILL OPE
M K
ARY ALANTZIS
L M
IAM AGEE
Oxford Cambridge New Delhi
Chandos Publishing
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First published in 2011
ISBN:
978 1 84334 601 2
© The editors and the contributors,2011
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List of figures and tables
Figures
4.1 SGML markup for the definition of ‘bungler’ in the
Oxford Dictionary 93
4.2 Changes in textwork since Gutenberg 97
4.3 Parallels between old and new media 104
6.1 Popper’s ‘general theory of evolution’ 153
6.2 Knowledge in the three worlds ontology 155
6.3 The contextual nature of personal knowledge 157
6.4 John Boyd’s OODA loop concept 160
6.5 The systems triad in hierarchy of complex dynamic systems 162
6.6 The hierarchical levels of knowledge cycling in a
research enterprise 164
6.7 General process for turning personal into explicit
knowledge 166
6.8 Social construction and formalisation of knowledge 169
6.9 Socio-technical aspects of harmonising standards
across different research communities 181
9.1 A representation of the top-level classes in the BFO
ontology 278
9.2 A representation of the top-level classes in the DOLCE
ontology 278
9.3 A representation of the top-level classes in the GFO
ontology 279
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Towards a Semantic Web
9.4 A representation of the top-level classes in the PROTON
ontology 279
9.5 A representation of the top-level classes in the SUMO
ontology 280
12.1 Commensurability model 353
13.1 The interlanguage mechanism 386
13.2 CGML as an interlanguage 406
13.3 Language pairs—full interoperability of 17 schemas
requires 272 crosswalks 408
13.4 The interlanguage approach to CGML 409
13.5 Fragment of the CGML Dictionary of Authorship and
Publishing specifying the concepts of <creation> and
<creator> 413
13.6 Fragment of the CGML Dictionary specifying the
concept of <editor> 415
13.7 First to fourth level concepts of the CGML
Taxonomy of Authorship and Publishing 420
13.8 Fragment of the CGML Taxonomy of Authorship
and Publishing specifying the concept of <party>
from the fourth to sixth levels 422
13.9 Fragment of the Dublin Core to CGML Thesaurus 423
14.1 Translation/transformation architecture 437
14.2 Outline of the technical design choice between different
transformation architectures 442
14.3 Comparison of the CGML and COAX systems 445
14.4 XML content translation using the CGML
transformation system 448
14.5 XML content translation using the COAX
transformation system 451
14.6 XML content translation using OntoMerge 460
15.1 A schema of knowledge processes 500
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List of figures and tables
Tables
8.1 Comparison of knowledge systems 228
9.1 Swoogle results for five search terms, 2007 and 2009 238
9.2 Google Scholar results for five search terms, 2007 and 2009 239
9.3 Ontology methodologies 241
9.4 Foundational ontologies and their ontological
choices as assessed by Oberle et al. (2007) 248
9.5 Comparison of the number of classes, properties,
concepts and ratios within ontologies 249
9.6 Summary of ontology orientation 257
9.7 Messages received on the Semantic Web Interest
Group and Ontolog Forum, 2000 to May 2009 259
9.8 Author and subject counts on the Semantic Web Interest
Group and Ontolog Forum, 2000 to May 2009 260
9.9 Joint contributors to the ontologies surveyed, and
the Semantic Web Interest Group and Ontolog Forum 260
9.10 Ontology count for the Semantic Web Interest Group
and Ontolog Forum 262
9.11 Ontolog Forum dialogue map 264–7
9.12 Ontology commensurability matrix 273–4
9.13 Conceptual distinctions between the ontologies 280–2
9.14 Word frequency analysis of the Semantic Web Interest
Group and Ontolog Forum 283–5
12.1 Intrinsic dimensions of a knowledge system 359–61
12.2 Extrinsic dimensions of a knowledge system 362–4
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Authors
Bill Cope is a Research Professor in the Department of Educational
Policy Studies at the University of Illinois, where has been a faculty
member since 2006. He is also Director of Common Ground Publishing,
a company that develops mixed medium print and internet publishing
software located in the Research Park at the University of Illinois. He is
a former First Assistant Secretary in the Department of the Prime
Minister and Cabinet and Director of the Office of Multicultural Affairs
in the Australian Federal Government. His most recent books are edited
collections: The Future of the Book in the Digital Age (Oxford:
Chandos, 2006) and The Future of the Academic Journal (Oxford:
Chandos, 2009). http://wwcope.com
Mary Kalantzis has been Dean of the College of Education at the
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, since 2006. Before then she
was Dean of the Faculty of Education, Language and Community
Services at RMIT University in Melbourne, and President of the
Australian Council of Deans of Education. With Bill Cope she is
co-author or editor of: The Powers of Literacy (University of Pittsburg
Press, 1993); Multiliteracies: Literacy Learning and the Design of Social
Futures (Routledge, 2000); New Learning: Elements of a Science of
Education (Cambridge University Press, 2008); and Ubiquitous
Learning (University of Illinois Press, 2009). http://marykalantzis.com
Liam Mageeis a Research Fellow at the Global Cities Research Institute,
RMIT University, Melbourne. His research interests include the
philosophy of technology, social research methods, and questions of
knowledge representation and reasoning inherent in the semantic web.
He is currently involved in a multi-disciplinary project exploring the
application of semantic technologies to organisational reporting on
sustainability.
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Towards a Semantic Web
Contributors
Joseph M. Firestone is Managing Director and CEO of the Knowledge
Management Consortium International (KMCI), and Director and
co-Instructor of KMCI’s CKIM Certificate Program, as well as Director
of KMCI’s synchronous, real-time Distance Learning Program. He is also
CKO of Executive Information Systems, Inc., a knowledge and
information management consultancy.
Joe is author or co-author of more than 500 articles, blog posts, white
papers and reports on knowledge management, policy analysis, political
science, information technology (distributed knowledge management
systems, enterprise knowledge portals, web, enterprise and KM 2.0),
adaptive scorecards, risk intelligence, social science methodology and
psychometrics. He has also written several books and papers: Knowledge
Management and Risk Management: A Business Fable (Ark Group,
2008); Risk Intelligence Metrics: An Adaptive Metrics Center Industry
Report (Wilmington, DE: KMCI Online Press, 2006); Enterprise
Information Portals and Knowledge Management (Burlington, MA:
KMCI Press/Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003); Key Issues in the New
Knowledge Management (Burlington, MA: KMCI Press/Butterworth-
Heinemann, 2003); and Excerpt # 1 from The Open Enterprise
(Wilmington, DE: KMCI Online Press, 2003); and co-edited ‘Has
Knowledge Management Been Done’, special issue of The Learning
Organization: An International Journal, 12, no. 2, April, 2005. Joe
developed the websites http://www.dkms.com, http://www.kmci.organd
http://www.adaptivemetricscenter.com, and the blog ‘All Life is Problem
Solving’ at http://radio.weblogs.com/0135950and http://www.kmci.org/
alllifeisproblemsolving. He has taught political science at graduate and
undergraduate levels; he has a BA from Cornell University in
government, and MA and PhD degrees in comparative politics and
international relations from Michigan State University.
William (Bill) Hall began university in 1957 with a major in physics and
subsequently transitioned to biology through biophysics (neurophysiology).
As a biologist, Bill’s first interests were in ecosystems and the early evolution
of life. His PhD in evolutionary biology (Harvard, 1973) focused on
systematics and the evolution and roles of genetic systems in species
formation. He also spent two postdoctoral years studying epistemology and
scientific revolutions. His physics and biophysics background exposed him
to early generation computers.
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Contributors
When he left academia in 1981, Bill purchased his first personal
computer, and was fascinated from the outset by the rapid evolution of
computers and how these new cognitive tools would change humanity.
Between 1981 and 1989 Bill was employed in computer literacy, software
and banking industries, and since 1990 until his retirement in 2007 he
worked in the defence industry for a major engineering project management
company in various documentation and knowledge management roles
throughout the life-cycle of Australia’s largest defence contract.
In 2001 Bill started writing a book on technological revolutions in the
coevolution of human cognition and tools for extending cognition, but
could not make sense of the impacts of cognitive technology (e.g.
computing) on social and organisational aspects of cognition. He felt there
was a need to rethink organisation theory and the theory of organisational
knowledge. To research this problem, in 2002 he returned part time to an
academic research environment with an honorary fellowship in Monash
University’s Knowledge Management Lab in the Faculty of Information
Technology. In 2005 he moved to the University of Melbourne as (Hon.)
National Fellow in the Australian Centre for Science, Innovation and
Society, where he is also associated with the eScholarship Research Centre
and the Engineering Learning Unit. In this last role Bill gives occasional
guest lectures on engineering knowledge management.
Bill’s formal publications range from cytogenetics and evolutionary
biology (where Cytogenetic and Genome Research has just published Bill’s
35-year retrospective review of around 100 papers by others following on
from his PhD thesis) through practical knowledge management in the
engineering environment and the theory of living systems, organisations
and organisational knowledge management. Understanding and solving
socio-technical problems and issues relating to the production and use of
scientific and technical knowledge has remained a core thread of his long
career within and outside the academic environment.
Gavan McCarthy is a Senior Research Fellow and Director of the
eScholarship Research Centre at the University of Melbourne. The
position of Director was created in 2007 and builds on McCarthy’s
previous academic work as part of the Department of History and
Philosophy of Science, first with the Australian Science Archives Project
(ASAP; 1985–1999), and then with the Australian Science and Technology.
During this time he has been at the forefront of the development of
national information services and infrastructure to support the history of
Australian science, technology, medicine and engineering through the use
of the emerging digital technologies.
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