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TOWARD THE AFRICAN REVOLUTION PoliEtsiayscsal -- - FRANTFZA NON translfraoimetd hF er enbcyh HAAKON CHEVALIER �_,.. • GROVEP RESS New York Copyri�g h1t964b yF ra�oiMsa spero Translactoipoynr igh1t9©6 b7y M onthlRye viePwr ess Allr ighrtess ervNeod p.a rotf t hibsoo k maybe reproduicnea dn yf orom r bya nye lectroornm iecc hanicmaela ns, incilnufdoirnmga tsitoonr aagned retriesvyaslt emwsi,t hopuetr missiino nw ritintgh epf urbolmi sheexrc,e pt bya reviewwehro,m ayq uotberi efp assagienas r evieAwn.y m emberosf educatioinnaslt ituwtiisohnisnt gop hotocoppya rotr a lolf t hew orkf or classrooums e,o rp ublishwehrso wouldl ikteo o btaipne rmisstioo n incudle thew orki n an antholosghyo,u lsde nd their inquiries to Grove/AtlaInntc8i.4c,1, B roadwayN,e wY orkN,Y 10003. Firsptu blisihnedF rancuen detrh et itPloeu rI aR evolutAiforni caine Publisshiemdu ltaneionuC salnya da Printiendt heU niteSdt atoefsA merica LibraorfyC ongreCsast alogg-iinn-PubliDcaattai on FanonF,r antz1,9 25--1961. Towartdh eA fricarne volution. TranslaotfiP:oo nu rI ar evolutaiforni caine. I.Af rica-Polaintdgi ocvse mment-1495--1960. 2.A lgeria---Paonldgi otviecmsme nt---1945-1960. I.Ti tle. DT30.2.F3611938 8 320.5'092'847 -37247 ISBN0 -8021-30(9p0b-k9. ) GrovPer ess 841B roadway NewY orkN,Y I0 003 99 00 01 02 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 Contents EdtiorNioatl.. e .. ............. ............... ...... ... . ....................... ...... . vn I.Th e Prolbemo ft heC oloznedi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I I.T he" NorAtfhr ican Syndrome" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. WIensdtia annAdsf ri.c.a.n.s. .......1.7. .............................. II.Ra cisma ndC ultur. .e.. ................................................. 29 lg IIIF.o rA eri.a. . . . . . .... .. .. .. ... .4.. 5 . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . I.L ettetro a F rehnmca.n. .................4.7. ..................... . 2.L ettetrot hRee sidMeinnits( t1e59r)6. .........5..2.. ....... . IV.T oward the LiboefAra ftriiocn.a . ................... .5. ..5.. ......... I.D isappoianntIdm leslniutoosnfF s r ench Coloni.a. .l.... .i. . .s .m.. . .. . ... ... . .. ... ... ... . ... .. .. . .. .... .. . . 5.7 . 2.A lgeFraictaeo Fwaicttehh F er enTcohr turer6s4 3.C onceran Pilneg..a . . ... ... ..... .. .. . .. . ... .. .. . ... .. . . 7 3 4.F renIcnht ellaencDdte umaoclrsaa nttds h e AlgerRieavunot li.o.n.. ......................7...6... .............. 5.M aghrBelbo Sohda NlotlF loiwnV ain.. .....9.1. .......... 6.T heF arTchea Cth anSgieds.e. ...s. .. . . ... .. . .. ... ........ . .. ... 9 6 7.D ecolonainzadIt nidoenp en.d...e.. ..n ... c.. ..e. ... ... .. .. .9 9 8.A ContinCurei.ds. i.s. ........................1...60... ..... ............ 9.L etttoet rhY eo uotfhA fri.c.a. .............1...1...3.. ............ 1.0F irTsrtu tohnts h Ceo lonPiraolb l.e.m. ...1.02. .. .. II.T heL essoofCn o ton..o....u. .. . .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. . .. . ...... .. ... .. .1 72 1.2A ppetaoAl f ric.a..n..s... .....................1..2.3 ............ 13S.e quoefal P sl ebiisnc iAtf.er. i.c.a. ......1..53. ................. 14T.h eA lgerWiaaran n Mda nL'isrb taeio..n. ..1.4.4. . 15A.l geirnAi cac .r.a. .....................1..05.. ..................... .... . 1.6 AcAcfrraAi:ffic ar mIsstU nyi taDnedfi nIetss Srttaegy 153 ................................................................ 17M.r D.e brDee'ssp eErnadteea .v.o.r..s.. ........1.85. ............ . v vi CONTENTS 1.8R aciFsutriy n Fr.a.n..c..e... ...................1...3.6. ... ...... .. 1.9B loFoldo ws Ainnt itUlhnlede eFsrr e nch Domination . .. ..176 ......................................................... 20U.n iatnyEd ff ectSoilvied Aarrteih tCeyo nidtniso foArf riLciabne ra..t....i . .o. ..n.... . ....... .. .. ...... ... . . .. 1 07 . V.A friUcanint y 157 .................................................................... 1.Th iAsf ritcoCa o rne. ....... . ....... ... .. . . .. . . .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .1 .. 77 .. 2.L umurnbDae'astC ho:u ldD oWO et herwis1e9?1 EditorNioatle Thep olictaeils saayristc,la ensd, notes by Frantz Fanon pub lsii!eidnt he pvroesleucnmotev er tahcet pimevoresio tofh d i s liffreo,tm h peu blicoafPte aiuNo oni rM,as ques Blanc[sB lack SkinW,h itMeas ks]i n1 592-hweat sh net wetnyi-geyheta orlsd -tot haotfL esD amnesd e laT erre[T heW retcheodft he Earthi]n1 691w hiwcahts o c oincwiidteha,mi ant toefdr a ys, witthhd ea toefh idse ath. Mosotft hewsrei gtshi anvael reaapdepya riendv ariroeus veiwasn pd eriodtihcreae lfser,ae nndc edt ahtoeef w hiwceh giviene a ccha sBeu.tt h ewye rwei deslctyae traenddd i ffictuol t gehto lodfT .h osteh aaptp eairnEe lMd o udjahiidnp, articu laarr,he a rdlbyef otuont odd aayn,dt hehya di nf acbte en acceswshiebtnlh eea,yp peaorneldty,oa limedin tumboefr readers. Brougthotg etahste hre y hearrieen, t hecihrr onological ordtehre,ws reig tsri envaes ailn gulliavruilnnyig Tt hye.my a rk thseu ccesstsaiogvfeae ss n iglceo mbwahti,cd hev elaonpds broadbeunttsh ,oe b jecatnidtv heme e anosfw hihcahbd e en seeann dde teirnmefdr otmh bee giinngnT.h et hrbeoeo skos fapru bligsihveed us stehcsrr eyes taaanltpal rlieyzcseitdsa eg es ofF anodne'vse lopTmheetn etx.tt hsaf to llcoown stai tute guidtihnrgeb ayd whwiec hmf aoyl lhoiwmm o rcel osferloym datyo d ayt,hi eit neroafar ym incdo nisnet valonuottn igr,o w inegv ebrr oaadnedr rwihcihceloren tnignt uobi et ruteo iste.l f Thefi rsttw oa rctlie"sT,h Neo rAtfhr-iScyannd roamned" "WesItn diaannAdsf ricpaunbsl,i"is n1h 59e2da n1d59 5m,a y martkh fier sstta Agetts h.ti isem F ranFtazn ohnac do mpleted hsip syicahtsrtiucdh iewe asts:h uisna p osiotinto hnbe,a soifs hsid aimleyd iecxaple riteogn iecv esa,c iiefiancct cooufn tt he situaotfti hcoeon l onO�nzt ehodet. h hearn tdh siist ounaw atsi onteh at he hhiasdt olrtiihvchaeaetdwl alssyt ,li ilnvlgi i;wt a s vii viii EDITORIALN OTE fohri ma persoenxaple rienchee c owuhjlidducg hef rom withaiswn e lHla.v idnegc itdode ids sohciimasbteoelt ffhr om th"eg rwehaitt e aenrfdrr oortm"h " eg rbealtam cikr aghee, " inaitteaidn ewr,ve olutiaopnparroTyao cp hr.e stehnqetu es tioonft hceo lonainzde sdto oli vthe, ew asi na priilveged posithiiocsno :n sciooufis tnt,eh scesl aroifht iyvs i sion, strtehnegntehfider mnoefhs iscs o mmitment. Fanownat so c hoosteop racitnAi lcgee arnio au,t standingly coloncioaulnitstrtoly i,va en dfi ghatm onogt hceorl onized peoplliehk iem sTehletf h.e imtsea kuepna gaina mapnldi fied in "RaancCdiu slmt ural ee,c"td uerlei vienr e1d9 56 before the FirCsotn groefNs esrg oW riteHresrt.eh e anbaelcyosmiess shartphecerh ,la elnrgaed icaclo,m mtihteom peenantn dp re cisHeis.d i agnoofsr iasc iwshmi c"hins o atn a cciddeinstal covebruy"t"fi tisn tad oe finpiattet wehrinic,sh ptahtet ern of theex ploiotfoa ntgeir oonou fpm enb ya nothiemrp,l"i es one soluatniodon ne o"nTlhyle:o giecnaodlf t hwiislt lofi ghits thteo tlbaielr aotfi ontnah tei toenrarli "tTohrseyt .r"eu h gagsl suddebnelcyotm oet aabls,o lTuhtiiesns. o" at v erbsratulg gle. Frotmh tei mheeb ecaamp es ychiatrBiilsdtha o sapti ttahle, andev emno raef ttehroe ut breoaftk h ien sruerctFiaonno,n waasm iliitnat nhAtel gerian reovrongaliuztaitAoitno anr.y thsea mtei mec ahrer iaer de moanr kmaebdliaecc atli ivnity, novataitmn agnl ye vdeelesp,vl iys,c ecrlaotlsole y ph aitsi ents whomh er egaradspe rdi mavriicltoyif tm hsse y stheewm a s fightiHnecg o.l leccltienndio ctaaelns ad nlaysoents h peh e nomeonfac o lonaiilaelniassttei eotnnh romuegnht dails eases. Hee xplolroectdar la diatnitdoh nersie rl attioco onlso nization. Thimsa terreimaalui nntsoh eudcb,ui ttt o ioss c attaenrwdee d , hopteob ea blteoa ssemibtal nedp reseinnta seipta rate volume. Hiwso raksa nF LN[ NtaioLniaeblr atFiroonnm tii]lt ta n sooant tratchatete tde notfi otnh e pForleiLncaceth.e1 59i6n, befolreea ving for Tfiunnaials m ,u cohhl ed temorat dael committmhernothu iglshe totfer res ign"aLteitottnoet, rh e ResidMeinnits tIeitrs t.,o" g ewtihtethrh" eL etttoeF rrea n ch- EDITORIAL NOTE ix man,h"tih erutnop luibshtehdoe,n ly piwerciet tihonafgt beawrist nteots hspi esr itohdte;w loe etrftso rtmh ceh apter, "FoArl greiaT.h"ee xperitehnuacsce c umuilnat thevede ry thiocftk h bea twtallsea tteofr u rntihsmeha tefroiLra' lA n Cindqel Ra evolutAigloener ninpeu,b ldii sn1h 9e.5•9 InT uniFsa,n ownac sa lulpeodtn op artiicnitp hPaert ees s Servoifct ehFseL NH.e woansoe f t htee ame dtoiofro sfE l Moujdahoifwd h itchhe ifisrsstuthe easnp peaRreelde.sn stllye hel ashoeudtt haceto lioanlsiysstti esttm o,t naalte u,irs tu n broken tuhnseio tlyi,d ariwthye twthhheierwcy ih l,li etod r not, btohuotnshdeaw te roeni tssi dweh,i altte h sea mtei me thgee nocoifod neem illion wAalbsge eircniagarr nisoe udt . Hisa naly"sFirse,nI cnehtl lecatnudDa elmso craantdts h e AlgerRieavno lutairoounts,he"ied n dignoaftt hiFeor ne nch Left.h edI enn oiutnt chheeyd p ocorfti hsoyws heoc onsidered colioanlainsdims ts equwealrst,o, r tausor nel,ay m onstrous excreswcheinhccaheod n ltyob ec ircumsacnrrdie bperdo ved, whereiastw asr eaal lpye rfelcotgliypc earlf,e ccothleyr ent wholienw, h iaclhtl h owsheol ivweidt hiiwtne rien evitably accomplices. Fanohna tdh ugsr astphemede aonsfa mpyliinofgn oef h is firtshte mtehsce:o mmnoant uorfte hs et ruogfag lltelh ceo lo nized.o nBeoe fit nhfiger sttoe nviscaognec retealsay -not "prophveitsiibcou nat"s immedbiaattotebl jee ctive-the an uniyto fA frihcewa a,cs o nstlainntkltiyhn fega toeft hAel geriRaenv oluwtiitohn o tfth hcaeot n tiansaew nhto lceo,n sid eriintag,sh ed idt,hv ea nguoaftr hdAe f riRceavno luEtli on. Moujdahciodn stdaenvtellyto hplieisdn T eh:Ae gleriRaevno lutainotdnh Lei ebartioofAn rf ica-tttilhgeii svt eoanb ooklet ofF LNa rtiacnlddeo sc umweindtedsli ys triabtt uhptieesrd i od weliln dictahiteme opsr tatnhcateth A el gerrieavno lutionaries theantr tibdut toie. t Thea rlteiiscn E lM oujdahwiedr nee vesri gnTehde. anonywmaicsto ym plTehteae r.t ipculbselhsie hde rceh,e cked • Publishiend t heU niteSdt atiens1 965u ndert het itlSet,u dieas Dyiinn g Colonialism. X EDITORIALN OTE byM rs.F anona,r et hoswee a rea bsolutecleyr tawienr ew ritten byF anonH.is c ontributtiobo ens ,u rew,a sn otl miitetdo t hese particualratri clesa.s i Bnu te vetreya ma,n dp articulianr ly thirse volutiinof nu lfle rmentthe,r ew asc onstaonstm osiisn, tearctni,om utuaslt imuiloantA.t t hev ery time Fwahneonn 's thinkiwnagsr eachinnegwd imensiionnc so ntawcitt ht he crea tivneu cleoufst heA lgeriRaenv olutiiotwn o,u ldt ransmnietw impulsest hetlo a ttWeer .h avea ssembltehdet exttsh us pro duceudn detrh et it'l'eT,o ward the LiobfAe frrait.cai"o n Thei deoaf A fritcah awta sg rowinign F anonm'isn df ound concreetxep ressiinot nh em issitohn ahte conductiendt he countrioefsW estA fricaaf,t ehra vinbge ena mbassadaotr AccraH.e w ast os tudiyn,p articutlhaecr o,n ditioofna s c loser alalniceb etweeAnf ricatnhse, recruoiftN ienggro v olutneers, theo peninogf a new fronSto uth tohfeS aharTah.e pages thawte p ublisht heil na scth atper",A fricUanni tya,r"et hosoef anu npubilshetdr avneolt eboionkw hicthh is palsasnu miest s fullc lariatnydi tvsi olence. Fanonr eturnferdo mt himsi ssioenx hauesdt:h e,h adc on· tractleedu kemiHae. d evotehdi sl asstt rengttowh ritiLnegs Damnesd el aT erreH.e wast od iea y eaarf tehra vinwgit nessed the foafhl ilsf rienLdu,m umbat,h eA friclaena dwehro sAef ri canv isiowna sc losetsoth is.H e believsetde adfaisntt lhye forthcomtiontga llbi erationA froifc cao,n vincaesdh ,e h ad writtiennL, ' An Cindqe l aR evolutiAolng erientnhea,t th e Africraenv oluthiaodcn r eat"eadni rrveersisbilteu ant.i'o' FRAN�OIS MASPERO Par1is9,6 4 I TheP robloefmt heC olonized