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TOWARD A HISTORICAL SOCIOLINGUISTIC POETICS OF MEDIEVAL GREEK ς BYZANTIO Studies in Byzantine History and Civilization 12 Series Editors Michael Altripp Lars Martin Hoffmann Christos Stavrakos Editorial & Advisory Board Michael Featherstone (CNRS, Paris) Bojana Krsmanović (Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade) Bogdan Maleon (University of Iasi) Antonio Rigo (University of Venice) Horst Schneider (University of Munich) Juan Signes Codoner (University of Valladolid) Peter Van Deun (University of Leuven) Nino Zchomelidse (Johns Hopkins University) TOWARD A HISTORICAL SOCIOLINGUISTIC POETICS OF MEDIEVAL GREEK Edited by Andrea M. Cuomo & Erich Trapp H F © 2017, Brepols Publishers n.v., Turnhout, Belgium. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a re- trieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. D/2017/0095/236 ISBN 978-2-503-57713-5 E-ISBN 978-2-503-57714-2 DOI 10.1484/M.SBHC-EB.5.113947 Printed on acid-free paper. TABLE OF CONTENTS Vorwort vii Andrea Massimo Cuomo, Historical Sociolinguistics – Pragmat- ics and Semiotics, and the Study of Medieval Greek Literature 1 Klaas Bentein, Towards a Socio-Historical Analysis of Ancient Greek? Some Problems and Prospects 35 Stefano Valente, Old and New Lexica in Palaeologan Byzantium 45 Daniele Bianconi, La lettura dei testi antichi tra didattica ed erudizione: Qualche esempio d’età paleologa 57 Inmaculada Pérez Martín, Aristides’ Panathenaikos as a Byz- antine Schoolbook: Nikephoros Gregoras’ Notes on Ms. Escorial Φ.Ι.18 85 Geoffrey Horrocks, Georgios Akropolitis: Theory and Practice in the Language of Later Byzantine Historiography 109 Ioannis Telelis, Tεχνικὸς διδάσκαλος: Georgios Pachymeres as Paraphrast of Aristotelian Meteorology 119 Divna Manolova, The Student Becomes the Teacher: Nike- phoros Gregoras’ Hortatory Letter Concerning Astronomy 143 Paolo Odorico, Identité et craintes. Théodore Pédiasimos à Ser- rès au XIVe siècle 161 Abstracts 175 Bibliography 181 General Index 221 Index of Manuscripts 230 VORWORT Der vorliegende Band enthält die Vorträge und Diskussionsbeiträge der internationalen Tagung vom September 2014, zu der ein vorbereitender Workshop bereits im Juni 2013 stattfand. Das Thema dieser Tagung ent- sprang dem vom FWF finanzierten Projekt 23912-G19 “Imitation und Innovation im Wortschatz der spätbyzantinischen historiographischen Literatur”. Gleich zu Beginn unserer sprachlichen Untersuchungen der Werke der spätbyzantinischen Historiker stellte sich die Frage, welchen Weg wir beschreiten sollten: eher den herkömmlichen, positivistischen (Fra- gen des Stilniveaus, Metaphrasen, Übergang zur Volkssprache) oder einen neuen, der sich den Texten mit folgender Frage zu nähern sucht: Wie mag eine syntaktische Konstruktion, die Wahl eines besonderen Wortes usw. in den Ohren eines Byzantiners geklungen haben? Um die- se Veränderung der Perspektive zu erreichen, galt es, die Methoden der historischen Soziolinguistik anzuwenden. Diese hat – insbesondere für das mittelalterliche Englisch – die sprachlichen Kategorien aufgezeigt, nach welchen die Sprecher ihre Sprache verstanden, beurteilten und mit ihr umgingen. Demnach sind die Texte möglichst ohne den Filter der neuzeitlichen und damit anachronistischen Kategorien zu interpretie- ren. Der vorliegende Band enthält also Beiträge zur historischen Sozio- linguistik und ihren Grenzen, ohne freilich bereits eine grundlegende Abhandlung über die griechische Sprache des Mittelalters darzustellen. Vielmehr wird der Leser unsere Auseinandersetzungen mit der metho- dologischen Problematik der historischen Soziolinguistik nachverfolgen können. Er wird entdecken, wie (und in welchem Ausmaß) der “ideale Leser” auch Mit-Autor eines Werkes wird. Er wird sich einnehmen las- sen von den spannenden Schwierigkeiten, welche die Auffindung und Sammlung der Urteile der Byzantiner über ihre Sprache betreffen. Jene zeitgenössischen Beobachtungen erlauben uns beispielsweise zu verste- hen, welche Wörter und welche syntaktischen Konstruktionen die By- zantiner als “Attisch” oder als “Koine” betrachteten, und welche prag- matische Funktion eine Varietät in ihrem jeweiligen Kontext innehatte. Historische Soziolinguistik bedeutet nicht nur, das Publikum und den Kontext zu berücksichtigen! Vielmehr fordert die historische Soziolin- guistik uns dazu auf, zeitgenössische sprachliche Beobachtungen zu fin- VORWORT den, zu sammeln und zu bewerten, um die soziale Funktion der Sprache und ihrer Varianten verstehen und rekonstruieren zu können. Der Wert dieses Sammelbandes soll weniger in den erzielten Einzel- beobachtungen bestehen als in der verfolgten Methode, auch wenn es sich zunächst nur um erste Schritte auf einem Weg mit noch ungewis- sem Ziel handeln kann. Aber gerade deshalb möchten wir den Kolle- gen besonders danken, die unserer Einladung nach Wien gefolgt sind, an den sehr konstruktiven Diskussionen teilgenommen und schließlich durch die schriftliche Fassung ihrer Beiträge das Zustandekommen der vorliegenden Publikation ermöglicht haben. Wien, August 2016 Die Herausgeber  Andrea Massimo Cuomo Historical Sociolinguistics – Pragmatics and Semiotics, and the Study of Medieval Greek Literature … and as people in areas beyond sociolinguistics begin to explore this interaction [i.e. between the cognitive and the social] they should not be re-inventing the sociolinguistic wheel (Eckert 2012: 2). Overview Thanks to a generous grant awarded by the FWF (Fonds zur Förder- ung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung / Austrian Science Fund), 1 two workshops took place in Vienna at the Austrian Academy of Sciences in June 2013 and September 2014. They were aimed at gathering linguists, paleographers, and Byzantinists together to discuss the opportunity and method of studying the Medieval Greek language in the context of his- torical sociolinguistics (HSL). This collective volume contains some of the papers presented at these workshops and records our discussions pertaining to the methodology used in HSL studies on Medieval Greek. Every included paper aims to contribute to this debate, according to each respective author’s field of expertise: linguistics, lexicography, Greek palaeography, history, and philology. Therefore, this book represents only the beginning of a long journey; establishing HSL and pragmatic studies in our field will cer- tainly require time and a multidisciplinary approach. After all, linguistic phenomena can, and should, be studied comparatively, regardless of the language in which they occur. 2 1 FWF-Projects nr. 23912 “Imitation/Innovation im Wortschatz der spätbyzanti- nischen historiographischen Literatur”, and nr. 27764 “Classical education and society in Palaeologan Byzantium”. I owe many thanks to Erich Trapp, the coeditor of this vol- ume, to Christos Stavrakos, Martti Leiwo, and the anonymous reviewers. 2 This methodology is used in sociolinguistics, historical pragmatics, and semiot- ics, fields that have promoted interdisciplinary workshops and studies for a long time. See, for instance, the series of Symposia for Sociolinguistics, the Journal of Historical Prag- matics (JHP), which also welcomed one of the papers presented at our workshop in Toward a Historical Sociolinguistic Poetics of Medieval Greek, Edited by Andrea M. Cuomo and Erich Trapp, Turnhout, Brepols, 2017 (Studies in Byzantine History and Civilization, 12), pp. 1–33 FHG DOI 10.1484/M.SBHC-EB.5.114438 AnDrEA MASSIMO CuOMO *** In this introduction, I will deal firstly with the definition of HSL. I will then outline the two main targets of our HSL research on Medieval Greek, namely studies on linguistic phenomena, such as loanwords, and Atticized / Koine Greek, and on hermeneutics, and also look at histori- cal socio-pragmatics and semiotics. Furthermore, I will mention some important desiderata in this field: In order to undertake HSL studies on Medieval Greek, for example, it is necessary to systematically analyze collections of contemporaneous Byzantine linguistic and pragmatic de- scriptions of Medieval Greek, such as medieval classroom texts, as well as the context in which these texts were produced. Studies on manu- scripts and medieval book culture will help us with this task. Since HSL research on a language which is no longer spoken is only possible when statistically relevant amounts of data are made available for comparison, I will also stress the importance of searchable databases. 1. Historical Sociolinguistics: Definition, Applications and Challenges Among linguists, the term sociolinguistics (SL) is notoriously ambigu- ous. Its peculiar ambiguity has led to different conceptualizations and even misunderstandings within and across the discipline. For example, Trudgill (1978: 1) pointed out, “the difficulty with sociolinguistics […] is that it is a term which means many different things to many different people”; Bolton (1992: 8) argued that “‘Sociolinguistics,’ since its begin- nings, has regularly faced a range of issues related to the adequate defini- tion of its terms, and there have been frequent debates about its status as a field of study”; and, concerning the nature of the discipline, Lavan- dera (1988: 2) wrote that “we find among the various parts of the field considerable overlapping along many dimensions, so that two areas that share the same basic subject of investigation may disagree on methodol- ogy, while the methodology of one of them may be shared by researchers in an entirely different area of investigation.” 2014 (Jorie Soltic, Parenthetical “I say (you)” in Late Medieval Greek Vernacular. A Mes- sage-Structuring Discourse Maker rather than a Message-Conveying Verb. In: Journal of Historical Pragmatics 16/2. 187–217), and the Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics. 

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