Toward 6G: A New Era of Convergence

232 Pages·2020·6.354 MB·English

by  Amin Ebrahimzadeh and Martin Maier

(cid:2)
Toward6G:ANewEraofConvergence
(cid:2) (cid:2)
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
IEEEPress
445HoesLane
Piscataway,NJ08854
IEEEPressEditorialBoard
EkramHossain,EditorinChief
JónAtliBenediktsson DavidAlanGrier ElyaB.Joffe
XiaoouLi PeterLian AndreasMolisch
SaeidNahavandi JeffreyReed DiomidisSpinellis
SarahSpurgeon AhmetMuratTekalp
(cid:2) (cid:2)
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
Toward 6G: A New Era of Convergence
Amin Ebrahimzadeh
Martin Maier
(cid:2) (cid:2)
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
Copyright©2021byTheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Inc.Allrights
reserved.
PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey.
PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinany
formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,
exceptaspermittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,without
eitherthepriorwrittenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentofthe
appropriateper-copyfeetotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,
MA01923,[phone],fax[phone],oronthewebatwww.copyright.com.Requeststo
thePublisherforpermissionshouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&
Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,[phone],fax[phone],oronlineat
http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.
LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbest
effortsinpreparingthisbook,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttothe
accuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimanyimplied
warrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedor
extendedbysalesrepresentativesorwrittensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontained
hereinmaynotbesuitableforyoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaprofessionalwhere
appropriate.Neitherthepublishernorauthorshallbeliableforanylossofprofitoranyother
commercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orother
damages.
(cid:2) (cid:2)
Forgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservicesorfortechnicalsupport,please
contactourCustomerCareDepartmentwithintheUnitedStatesat(800)762-2974,outsidethe
UnitedStatesat(317)572-3993orfax(317)572-4002.
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsin
printmaynotbeavailableinelectronicformats.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,
visitourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Ebrahimzadeh,Amin,author.|Maier,Martin,1969-author.
Title:Toward6G:aneweraofconvergence/AminEbrahimzadeh,Martin
Maier.
Description:Hoboken,NewJersey:JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,[2021]|
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2020034076(print)|LCCN2020034077(ebook)|ISBN
9781119658023(paperback)|ISBN9781119658030(adobepdf)|ISBN
9781119658047(epub)
Subjects:LCSH:Wirelesscommunicationsystems–Technologicalinnovations.
|Networkperformance(Telecommunication)
Classification:LCCTK5103.2.E342021(print)|LCCTK5103.2(ebook)|
DDC621.3845/6–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2020034076
LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2020034077
CoverDesign:Wiley
CoverImage:©JohnWiley&Sons,Inc
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
Formysoulmate,Atefeh,whodreamsandwhoknowsmagicisreal.
—AminEbrahimzadeh
ToAlexieandourtwochildrenCobyandAshantiDiva.MayJ.M.Keynes’
“EconomicPossibilities”predictedfor2030becomearealityforthem.
—MartinMaier
(cid:2) (cid:2)
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
vii
Contents
AuthorBiographies xi
Foreword xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Acronyms xix
1 The6GVision 1
1.1 Introduction 1
(cid:2) (cid:2)
1.2 EvolutionofMobileNetworksandInternet 3
1.3 6GNetworkArchitecturesandKeyEnablingTechnologies 6
1.3.1 Four-TierNetworks:Space-Air-Ground-Underwater 6
1.3.2 KeyEnablingTechnologies 7
1.3.2.1 Millimeter-WaveandTerahertzCommunications 7
1.3.2.2 ReconfigurableIntelligentSurfaces 8
1.3.2.3 FromNetworkSoftwarizationtoNetworkIntelligentization 9
1.4 Toward6G:ANewEraofConvergence 11
1.5 ScopeandOutlineofBook 13
1.5.1 Scope 13
1.5.2 Outline 14
2 ImmersiveTactileInternetExperiencesviaEdge
Intelligence 19
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 TheTactileInternet:AutomationorAugmentationoftheHuman? 26
2.3 HapticTrafficCharacterization 32
2.3.1 TeleoperationExperiments 33
2.3.1.1 6-DoFTeleoperationwithoutDeadbandCoding 33
2.3.1.2 1-DoFTeleoperationwithDeadbandCoding 33
2.3.1.3 Packetization 33
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
viii Contents
2.3.2 PacketInterarrivalTimes 34
2.3.3 SampleAutocorrelation 39
2.4 FiWiAccessNetworks:RevisitedforCloudsandCloudlets 41
2.4.1 FiWi:EPONandWLAN 42
2.4.2 C-RAN:Cloudvs.Cloudlet 45
2.4.3 Low-LatencyFiWiEnhancedLTE-AHetNets 45
2.5 DelayAnalysis 48
2.5.1 Assumptions 48
2.5.2 LocalTeleoperation 48
2.5.3 NonlocalTeleoperation 53
2.6 EdgeSampleForecast 54
2.7 Results 58
2.8 Conclusions 63
3 Context-andSelf-AwarenessforHuman-Agent-RobotTask
Coordination 65
3.1 Introduction 65
3.2 SystemModel 67
3.2.1 NetworkArchitecture 67
3.2.2 EnergyandMotionModelsofMobileRobots 69
(cid:2) (cid:2)
3.3 Context-AwareMultirobotTaskCoordination 71
3.3.1 IllustrativeCaseStudy 71
3.3.2 ProblemFormulation 72
3.3.3 TheProposedAlgorithm 76
3.4 Self-AwareOptimalMotionPlanning 77
3.5 DelayandReliabilityAnalysis 81
3.5.1 DelayAnalysis 81
3.5.1.1 TransmissionDelayfromMUtoOLT 83
3.5.1.2 TransmissionDelayfromOLTtoMR 84
3.5.1.3 End-to-EndDelayfromMRtoMU 84
3.5.2 ReliabilityAnalysis 84
3.6 Results 86
3.7 Conclusion 93
4 Delay-ConstrainedTeleoperationTaskSchedulingand
Assignment 95
4.1 Introduction 95
4.2 SystemModelandNetworkArchitecture 97
4.3 ProblemStatement 99
4.3.1 ProblemFormulation 99
4.3.2 ModelScalability 102
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
Contents ix
4.4 AlgorithmicSolution 103
4.4.1 IllustrativeCaseStudy 103
4.4.2 ProposedTaskCoordinationAlgorithm 104
4.4.3 ComplexityAnalysis 106
4.5 DelayAnalysis 106
4.5.1 LocalTeleoperation 108
4.5.2 NonlocalTeleoperation 109
4.6 Results 109
4.7 Discussion 118
4.8 Conclusion 118
5 CooperativeComputationOffloadinginFiWi-Enhanced
MobileNetworks 121
5.1 Introduction 121
5.2 SystemModel 124
5.3 Energy-DelayAnalysisoftheProposedCooperative
Offloading 126
5.3.1 AverageResponseTime 127
5.3.1.1 DelayAnalysisofWiFiUsers 130
5.3.1.2 DelayAnalysisof4GLTE-AUsers 130
(cid:2) (cid:2)
5.3.1.3 DelayAnalysisofBackhaulEPON 131
5.3.2 AverageEnergyConsumptionperTask 132
5.4 Energy-DelayTrade-offviaSelf-Organization 134
5.5 Results 137
5.6 Conclusions 145
6 DecentralizationviaBlockchain 147
6.1 Introduction 147
6.2 BlockchainTechnologies 150
6.2.1 Ethereumvs.BitcoinBlockchains 150
6.2.2 Ethereum:TheDAO 154
6.3 BlockchainIoTandEdgeComputing 155
6.3.1 BlockchainIoT(BIoT):RecentProgressandRelatedWork 155
6.3.2 BlockchainEnabledEdgeComputing 157
6.4 DecentralizingtheTactileInternet 158
6.4.1 AI-enhancedMEC 159
6.4.2 Crowdsourcing 160
6.5 Nudging:FromJudgeContracttoNudgeContract 162
6.5.1 CognitiveAssistance:FromAItoIntelligence
Amplification(IA) 162
6.5.2 HITLHybrid-AugmentedIntelligence 162
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
x Contents
6.5.3 DecentralizedSelf-OrganizingCooperative(DSOC) 163
6.5.4 NudgeContract:NudgingviaSmartContract 163
6.6 Conclusions 165
7 XRinthe6GPost-SmartphoneEra 167
7.1 Introduction 167
7.2 6GVision:Putting(InternetofNo)ThingsinPerspective 169
7.3 ExtendedReality(XR):UnleashingItsFullPotential 170
7.3.1 TheReality–VirtualityContinuum 170
7.3.2 TheMultiverse:AnArchitectureofAdvancedXRExperiences 171
7.4 InternetofNoThings:Invisible-to-Visible(I2V)Technologies 173
7.4.1 ExtrasensoryPerceptionNetwork(ESPN) 175
7.4.2 NonlocalAwarenessofSpaceandTime:MimickingtheQuantum
Realm 176
7.4.2.1 Precognition 178
7.4.2.2 Eternalism 178
7.5 Results 180
7.6 Conclusions 181
AppendixA ProofofLemmas 183
(cid:2) (cid:2)
A.1 ProofofLemma3.1 183
A.2 ProofofLemma3.2 184
A.3 ProofofLemma3.3 185
A.4 ProofofLemma5.1 186
Bibliography 191
Index 203
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
xi
Author Biographies
Amin Ebrahimzadeh received
the BSc[S3G1] and MSc degrees
in Electrical Engineering from
the University of Tabriz, Iran,
in 2009 and 2011, respectively,
and the PhD degree (Hons.) in
telecommunications from the
(cid:2) InstitutNationaldelaRecherche (cid:2)
Scientifique (INRS), Montréal,
QC, Canada, in 2019. From 2011
to 2015, he was with the Sahand
University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran. He is currently a Horizon Post-Doctoral
FellowwithConcordiaUniversity,Montréal.HisresearchinterestsincludeTactile
Internet,6G,FiWinetworks,multi-accessedgecomputing,andmulti-robottask
allocation.HewasarecipientofthedoctoralresearchscholarshipfromtheB2X
programofFondsdeRechercheduQuébec-NatureetTechnologies(FRQNT).
Martin Maier is a full professor
with the Institut National de la
Recherche Scientifique (INRS),
Montréal, Canada. He was edu-
catedattheTechnicalUniversityof
Berlin,Germany,andreceivedMSc
andPhDdegreesbothwithdistinc-
tions (summa cum laude) in 1998
and 2003, respectively. He was a
recipientofthetwo-yearDeutsche
Telekomdoctoralscholarshipfrom
(cid:2)