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Tourism Paul A Davies Oxford Bookworms Factfiles Oxford University Press OXPORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford 0X2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University No unauthorized photocopying of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be excellence in research, scholarship, and education reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in by publishing worldwide in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in Oxford New York writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi appropriate reprographics rights organization. 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First published 2002 Second impression 2003 ISBN 0 19 423292 1 Printed in Hong Kong OXFORD BOOKWORMS For a full list of titles in all the Oxford Bookworms series, please refer to the Oxford English catalogue. Oxford Bookworms Factfiles Stage 2 (700 headwords) Recycling Rosemary Border Original readers giving varied and Football Steve Flinders The USA Alison Baxter interesting information about a Forty Years of Pop Steve Flinders Stage 4 (1400 headwords) range of non-fiction topics. Ireland Tim Vicary Disaster! Mary McIntosh Titles available include: Oxford Andy Hopkins and Great Crimes John Escott Joe Potter Stage 1 (400 headwords) Pollution Rosemary Border Oxford Bookworms Library Animals in Danger Andy Hopkins Rainforests Rowena Akinyemi Original stories and adaptations and Joe Potter Seasons and Celebrations of classic and modern fiction. Diana, Princess of Wales Tim Vicary Jackie Maguire Flight Michael Dean UFOs Helen Brooke Oxford Bookworms Playscripts Kings and Queens of Britain Under the Ground Rosemary Border Original plays and adaptations Tim Vicary of classic and modern drama. London John Escott Stage 3 (1000 headwords) New York John Escott Australia and New Zealand Oxford Bookworms Collection Scotland Steve Flinders Christine Lindop Fiction by well known classic and Titanic Tim Vicary The Cinema John Escott modern authors. Texts are not abridged or simplified in any way. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce photographs: The Art Archive p 2 (Rome/Galleria Borghese I Dagli Orti); BTCV p 8 (conservation holiday/Alan Atkinson); Corbis Images pp 6 (mountain climbing/Galen Rowell), 8 (gull conservation/James L Amos), 10 (group of backpackers/Layne Kennedy); Event Horizons p 1 (cruise ship/David Lyons); Frank Spooner Pictures Ltd p 18 (Dennis Tito/Graychyev Mikhail/Gamma Moscou); Hulton Archives p 3 (Great Eastern); The Ice Hotel, Jukkasjarvi p 4 (Ice Hotel); James Davis Travel Photography p 12 (Mount Fuji); Mary Evans Picture Library p 3 (Pump Room); Photodisc p 7 (windsurfing); Robert Harding Picture Library pplO (two backpackers), 15 (despoiled beach/Adrian Neville), 17 (ski chalet/Frank Grant/Int’l Stock); Scottish Youth Hostels Association p 11 (youth hostel); Skishoot - Offshoot p 17 (chalet girl); South American Pictures p 4 (Salt Palace/Jason P Howe); Space Island Group copyright 2001 p 19 (space hotel); Stone pp 4 (scuba-diving/D & K Tapparel), 6 (biking/Brian Bailey, skiing/Jess Stock), 12 (Ayers Rock/Paul Chesley, roller-coaster/Chad Slattery), 15 (golf course/Aldo Torelli); Tourindia at www.richsoft.com/tourindia p 5 (tree house hotel) 1 1 Tourists and tourism Tourism gives work to millions of and need during their visits: hotels, people, and some people believe restaurants, airports, theatres, etc. that it is the biggest industry in When tourists visit places in their the world today. But what is own country, this is called domestic tourism?. And how is it different tourism. When they visit other from other kinds of travel? countries, this is international Tourists travel to places away tourism. from home and stay there for a Tourism is a very important short time - a week or two, business for many countries, and it perhaps. They travel because they is getting bigger all the time. In want to do business, or to visit 2000, 476 billion dollars came friends or family, or to have a from international tourism, and holiday. All three kinds of travel there were 698 million international are part of tourism. But in the visits - 50 million more than in modern world, holidays are the 1999. The most popular countries most important kind of tourism. in 2000 were France (75 million The tourist industry gives visitors), the United States (53 tourists everything that they want million), and Spain (49 million). 2 2 A short history of tourism Tourism probably started in each city. They usually visited Roman times. Rich Romans Paris, Rome, Venice and Florence; wanted to visit friends and family sometimes they visited cities in who were working in another Spain, Portugal and Germany, too. part of the Roman world. The The ‘Grand Tour’ was an Romans built roads (at first these important part of education - but roads were for the army), and only for the very rich. travellers stayed in small hotels In the eighteenth century, next to these roads. But when the tourism began to change. For Roman Empire ended, this kind example, people started to visit of tourism stopped. towns like Bath in the UK to ‘take In the early seventeenth the waters’. They believed that century, the idea of the ‘Grand drinking the water in these towns Tour’ started. Rich young English was good for them. Large, people went across the English expensive hotels were built in Channel to France, and then these towns. visited the most beautiful and In the nineteenth century, travel important European cities of the became much easier and faster. time. The tour lasted for two to When the first railways were built four years, and the tourists in the 1820s and 1830s, it was stayed a few weeks or months in easier for people to travel between towns, so they started to go for holidays in towns by the sea. They also started to have holidays in the countryside, because cities became A painting of Rome in the 18th century by Canaletto Tourism 3 The steamship Great Eastern in New York The Pump Room at Bath larger, noisier and dirtier! twentieth century. More people Travelling by sea became faster had cars. Planes became larger and safer when the first and could carry more people, so steamships were built, so people plane tickets became cheaper. began to travel to more distant In 1949, Vladimir Raitz started countries. a company called Horizon During the twentieth century Holidays, and the package holiday there was more and more was born. With a package holiday, tourism. People started to have the company puts everything more money and more time. together - plane ticket, hotel Until 1908, workers did not room, even food - and the tourist usually have holidays from work. pays for it all before she or he But by 1951, 66 per cent of leaves home. In the 1960s, many British workers had two weeks’ other companies started to sell holiday a year. And by 2000, package holidays from the UK to 94 per cent of workers had four Spain (especially the Balearic weeks’ holiday a year. Islands), Greece and Italy. The Travel continued to become modern tourist industry was cheaper and easier during the beginning. 3 Hotels When people started to go on package holidays in the 1960s, they wanted to stay in hotels that were cheap but clean. Today many tourists are looking for something new, and sometimes they go to stay in a hotel just because it is unusual. The Ice Hotel is in Jukkasjarvi, Sweden. The walls, the rooms, and all the furniture are made of 100 per cent ice and snow! The hotel falls down every May because the weather gets warmer. Every November, when the weather is colder, they build it again. It was built for the first had a drink in the hotel bar. The time in 1990 and covered about bar is made of ice, of course - and fifty square metres. The hotel has the glasses are made of ice, too. got bigger each year, and it now The hotel also has a cinema, a covers more than 4,000 square small church, and 120 beds. But metres. It is built from 30,000 only about 4,000 people each year tonnes of snow and 10,000 stay the night. The bedrooms and tonnes of ice. More than 30,000 the beds are made of ice and are visitors come to the Ice Hotel always cold! every year. Some famous people, If you like unusual hotels, the like supermodels Naomi Ice Hotel is not the only one. For Campbell and Kate Moss, have example, in Florida, in the USA, Scuba-diving The Salt Palace, Bolivia A tree-house hotel in India there is a small hotel under the like a lot of the furniture, is sea. It is called Jules’ Undersea made of salt. A room here costs Lodge, and it is near Miami. The about fifty dollars a night. hotel has got two bedrooms, a There are many other unusual living room and a bathroom. hotels around the world. For People who stay at the hotel can example, you can stay in a look at the beautiful fish through lighthouse in La Manga in Spain, the windows. They can also go in an old castle called Doyden scuba-diving. Castle in Cornwall in the UK, or The Salt Palace and Spa is a thirty metres above the ground in hotel in the middle of the Uyuni a tree-house in the Western Salt Flats in Bolivia. The hotel, Ghats in India. 6 4 Activity holidays Many people go on holiday to rest and enjoy themselves. They want to lie on the beach and read books during the day, and eat good food in restaurants in the evening. But these days, more and more people prefer activity holidays - holidays with sports and other exciting things snowboarding. It is now very to do. popular with young people. One of the oldest There are special activity kinds of activity holidays for a lot of different holiday is skiing, sports, like sailing, scuba-diving and it is still and walking. But some people very popular want more than this - they want with millions of adventure! Companies like ‘KE people. The Adventure Tours’ take groups of most popular people to the Himalayas to go countries for climbing and mountain-hiking. skiing holidays in Other companies take people to Europe are France, Africa to travel down fast Switzerland, Austria, rivers in special boats. Italy and Andorra. There are Some companies even also ski resorts in the USA, take tourists up the Canada, Japan, and South highest mountain America. in the world, In the 1970s a new sport Mount Everest. started in these ski resorts - But this is still very dangerous: for every six people who try to climb Everest, one dies. Activity holidays are usually more expensive than ordinary package holidays, and families often do not have the money. Most people on activity holidays are single people or married couples without children. For example, only 25 per cent of people on skiing holidays are families. Some companies, like Club 18-30, sell holidays that are specially for young adults. In the 1950s, Club Med started Mountain-biking Windsurfing to sell all-inclusive holidays in the Mediterranean. When you buy an all-inclusive holiday, you get everything you are going to need or do in the resort: all your food and drink, and all the sports and activities too, like windsurfing and water-skiing. It is a good way to make new friends and an easy way to have a holiday. But there are disadvantages, too. You do not meet people who are very different from you, and you do not learn about the country that you are visiting.