Tourism Development: Economics, Management and Strategy

244 Pages·2008·2.45 MB·english

by  Alejandro D. Ramos

T D :
OURISM EVELOPMENT
E , M
CONOMICS ANAGEMENT
AND STRATEGY

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T D :
OURISM EVELOPMENT
E , M
CONOMICS ANAGEMENT
AND STRATEGY

ALEJANDRO D. RAMOS
AND
PABLO S. JIMÉNEZ
EDITORS

Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
New York
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA

Tourism development : economics, management, & strategy / Alejandro D. Ramos and Pablo S.
Jiménez (editor).
p. cm.
ISBN 978-1-60876-259-0 (E-Book)
1. Tourism. 2. Tourism--Management. 3. Tourism--Economic aspects. 4. Protected areas--
Public use. I. Ramos, Alejandro D. II. Jiménez, Pablo S.
G155.A1T58915 2008
910.68--dc22
2008023352

Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (cid:31)New York
CONTENTS

Preface vii
Chapter 1 Innovations for Tourism in National Parks 1
Maia Lordkipanidze, Yoram Krozer, Tantri Kadiman,
Marcel Crul and Han Brezet
Chapter 2 Management of Nature-Based Tourism in Protected Areas
(The Case of the Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve, Mexico) 47
Ludger Brenner, Julius Arnegger and Hubert Job
Chapter 3 The Influence of Climate Change on Tourism in Europe 71
Andreas Wittmer
Chapter 4 Terror, Tourism and Misidentification 87
Nick Johns and Michelle Jolley
Chapter 5 Causal Relations among Tourism Development, Exchange Rate,
Exports and Economic Activity 101
Ming-Hsiang Chen
Chapter 6 The Development of Mining Heritage Tourism:
A Systemic Approach 121
Esteban Ruiz Ballesteros, Macarena Hernández Ramírez and
Eugenio M. Fedriani Martel
Chapter 7 Recent Developments in the Italian Tourism Market 145
Bernardina Algieri and Antonio Aquino
Chapter 8 Innovation among Tourism Entrepreneurs and the Implications for
Rural Development: The Case of Rural Tourism in LaPalma 171
F. M. Díaz-Pérez, C. Férnandez-Hernández,
J. A. Alvarez González and V. Jiménez González
Chapter 9 International Students’ Perceptions of the University Bar
on an Australian University Campus 191
Aaron Tham Min-En
vi Contents
Chapter 10 The Macroeconomic Contribution of Tourism 201
Javier Capó and Elisabeth Valle
Index 227
PREFACE

Over the last decades, tourism has become a key sector in the world economy: its
contribution to balance of payments, incomes and employment has significantly increased
over time. While in 1950 international tourism receipts totaled about 2 billion dollars, by
2006 this value had reached 735 billion dollars —about 2 billion dollars a day (World
Tourism Barometer, 2007). Nowadays, the sector originates more than one third of world
exports of services and over 70% of those in the poorest countries (European Commission,
2007). Tourism is therefore an important driver of growth and prosperity and, particularly
within developing countries, the sector is also important for poverty reduction (World
Economic Forum, 2007). Mainly dominated by small-medium enterprises, tourism accounts
for 4% of the Euro Area’s GDP, with about two million enterprises employing about 4% of
the total labor force(approximately eight million jobs). When linkages to other sectors are
considered, the contribution of tourism to GDP increases to about 11%, and the employment
rate reaches about 12%, creating about 24 million jobs. Besides incomes and jobs, tourism
has fostered development in the vast majority of European regions; infrastructures built for
tourism reasons contribute to local development, and jobs are created or preserved even in
areas suffering industrial or rural decline or experiencing urban regeneration (European
Commission, 2007). This book provides new research on tourism development from around
the globe.
Chapter 1 - The paper aims to show the possibilities that can reduce negative impacts
from the activities in protected areas and advocates that sustainable use of protected areas can
avoid future hazards and sustain the natural resource base and support the livelihood of
people and communities. The paper reviews literature related to the protected area
management, values, benefits and financial possibilities following with the review of the
empirical evidence of using innovative approach towards the management of the protected
areas. Development and support of appropriate tourism activities is one of the ways that
protected areas can use to generate revenues and to contribute to their development. The
conclusion underlines change from protectionism strategy towards the development strategy
through innovative entrepreneurial activities that can reduce negative impacts from activities
by means of sustainable innovations. The study illustrates outcomes of the Mopark project
(Mobility and National Parks project financed by EU Interreg IIIB North Sea Region
program), which is concerned with the nature conservation, sustainable development of
tourism and the financing sustainability of eight national parks in North-West Europe.
viii Alejandro D. Ramos and Pablo S. Jiménez
Chapter 2 - Pristine nature, spectacular landscapes, rare species, or the opportunity to
watch wild animals are certainly quality features of tourism destinations such as National
Parks, Biosphere Reserves and other Protected Areas (PAs). Accordingly, the United States
National Parks have become a magnet for tourists, attracting more than 270 million visitors in
2006 (www.nps.gov; accessed Feb/08). However, effective nature conservation requires
funding as well as the support of local communities and other actors involved. In this context,
fostering tourism-driven regional economic development has come to be a major concern of
management authorities, both in industrialized and less-developed countries.
Chapter 3 - This article focuses on climate change and its impact on tourism in Europe. It
summarises studies on climate change and draws conclusions with respect to the impact on
tourism. It considers the economic impact on tourism as a result of actual public and political
discussions concerning the limitation of emissions based on air travel as an example. Finally
some questions for research are stated in the conclusions section.
Chapter 4 - This chapter builds on previous work by one of the authors (Johns 2007). The
central argument is that tourism and anti-terror policy are part of a holistic agenda which in
the short term is about creating ‘status privileges’ for white westerners at the expense of
people in less developed countries and black and minority ethnic (BME) citizens. However,
the ultimate strategy appears to be a modern form of colonialism driven by the desire for
global hegemony (Chomsky 2003) by the United States, with the collusion of allies such as
the United Kingdom. While in many ways the agenda of global domination is much more
explicit than previously, its magnitude is concealed by the process labelled as
misidentification by Edelman (2001). The time has come, the authors suggest, for those in the
‘developed’ world to make a choice, to accept hegemony or to challenge it in the name of
survival.
Chapter 5 - This chapter investigates the causal relations among tourism development,
exchange rate, exports and economic growth within four Asian tourist destinations- China,
Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. These markets are examined through a multivariate
framework of Granger causality tests, and, while some results support previous studies of
tourism-led economic growth, the findings primarily lend support to the conclusion of Kim et
al. (2006) that mixed results regarding the existence of tourism-led economic growth may be
due to the level of openness of an economy, travel restrictions, and the size of the national
economy, as measured by population and gross domestic product. This chapter also reveals
that the ability of tourism expansion to energize economic growth is dependent upon the
degree to which a country’s economic development is dependent upon tourism. Moreover,
unlike the previous studies, the present research incorporates and examines the impact of
various tourism-related mega events, such as the 1997–98 Asian financial crisis, the
September 11 terrorist attacks in the US and the outbreak of severe acute respiratory
syndrome (SARS) in 2003, on tourism development, economic activity, exchange rates and
exports in the various tourist destinations. Along the way, the paper documents the crucial
role of exchange rates in contributing to the national economy, tourism, and exports. Finally,
export growth is found to significantly promote tourism expansion in all four Asian tourist
destinations. This finding suggests that a promising direction for future research in tourism
development will be to focus on the causality between “tourism and exports” rather than
between “economic and tourism growth.”