Tourism and the Lodging Sector

272 Pages·2009·13.31 MB·English

by  Dallen J. Timothy

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ISBN978-0-7506-8659-4
1. Hotels.2. Touristcamps,hostels,etc.3. Tourism.4. Hospitalityindustry. I.Teye,VictorB.
II.Title.
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List of Figure and Tables
Figure 2.1 Monthlytouristarrivals inSriLanka,2007–2008................23
Table1.1 ExistingCanadian PacificRailwayhotelsfrom the early
years.........................................................................................3
Table2.1 Growth ofinternational tourist arrivals since the Second
World War..............................................................................14
Table2.2 Countriesexpectedtogrowtheirtourismeconomiesfastest
in2008........................................................................................15
Table2.3 Internationalarrivals bysub-region,2007.............................17
Table2.4 Topten personaltravelerorigincountriesbyexpenditures,
2008.......................................................................................18
Table2.5 Topten business travelerorigincountriesbyexpenditures,
2008.......................................................................................18
Table3.1 Employmentinhotelsand other accommodations by
occupation,USA,2006..........................................................31
Table4.1 Topten tourism employment-generating countries, 2008.....48
Table4.2 Topten tourism-dependent countries inrelativeterms,
2008.......................................................................................52
Table4.3 Thetop ten tourism-dependentcountriesinterms of
employment, 2008.................................................................53
Table5.1 Topten hotel groups inthe world,2007................................67
Table5.2 Top20 internationalhotelbrands/chains, 2007....................68
Table5.3 Recommendationsand strategic actions ofthe
Bali Declaration on Barrier-FreeTourism..............................73
Table5.4 General requirementsfor adaptingpublic spaces
forpeople with disabilities, according tothe ADA.................74 vii
viii List of Figure and Tables
Table5.5 Number ofroomsrequiredto befully accessible...................75
Table6.1 Accommodation providers’ views of renewable
energy sources,Queensland, Australia...................................86
Table6.2 A selection ofECOTEL-certifiedlodging facilitiesin Latin
America andAsia...................................................................91
Table6.3 Business travellers’ green expectations oflodging
establishments, n¼1155.......................................................93
Table6.4 Business travellers’ own green behaviour inlodging
establishments, n¼1155.......................................................93
Table8.1 Restaurantfactsin the United States,2008–2009..............119
Table8.2 IndianGamingRevenuesin the United States,2000–2007
($ billions)............................................................................123
Table8.3 Recent facts and figures associated withMICEtourism
in the United States.............................................................125
Table8.4 Top 15countries forconferences and meetingsin 2007......125
Table9.1 Examplesof famous historichotels.....................................138
Table9.2 Hotel andResort Classification...........................................145
Table9.3 Top Ten Hotel Chains in2006............................................146
Table10.1 Second homes andpopulations inthe Nordiccountries......157
Table10.2 Seasonal housing in the United States by year
(inthousands)......................................................................157
Table10.3 TimeshareCharacteristicsin the United States,
asof January1, 2008...........................................................166
Table10.4 EconomicsofTimeshares inthe UnitedStates, 2008.........167
Table10.5 Problems/Issues facing the US timeshareindustry..............168
Table12.1 Passengers and passenger kilometers inthe world’s
most train-dependentcountries,2006.................................201
Table12.2 Cruisesdeparting from the 15most popular US
cruise ports,2003–2004......................................................205
Table12.3 Geography ofCruise Destinations byBed Days,
2008 (000’s).........................................................................206
List of Figure and Tables ix
Table12.4 GrowthofNorthAmerican Cruise Capacity
(LowerBerths)1981–2007...................................................208
Table13.1 Backpackerand hostel accommodation inAustralia,
2005–2007...........................................................................216
Table13.2 Characteristics ofbackpackertravel in Australia,2007.......216
Table13.3 Aselection ofinternational hostel chains............................221
Table14.1 Top ten activities undertakenbyKOAcampers in2007......231
Table15.1 ExamplesofTree House Accommodations and their
Characteristics.....................................................................244
Table15.2 ExamplesofCave andUnderground Tourist
Accommodations.................................................................248
Table15.3 ExamplesofLighthouse Accommodations..........................249
CHAPTER 1
Tourism and Tourist
Accommodations
Tourismisaneconomicpowerhousethathasbecometheserviceindustryof
CONTENTS
thenewmillennium.Ithasexperiencedasteadyandrapidgrowthsincethe
middleofthetwentiethcentury,butevencenturiesandmillenniaago,itwas
Tourism, Hospitality
a force to be reckoned with. Many historians argue that the modern-day
and this Book
conceptoftravelandtourismoriginatedwithmedievalChristianpilgrimages
Summary and
toRomeandtheHolyLand.Others,however,maintainthatHinduismand
Conclusion
Buddhism are the forerunners to modern mass tourism. Hinduism,
commonly referred to as the world’s oldest religion, may have originated as Reference
long ago as 4000 years BC, although claims range from 4000 to 1500 BC
Further Reading
depending on how its origins are defined. What we do know is that already
morethan2000yearsagoHindupilgrimsweretravelingthroughSouthAsia
to bathe in holy rivers and participate in sacred rituals associated with
templesbuilttoworshipdiversedeity.
Buddhist pilgrims were said to
have traveled in great numbers more
than2000yearsagotobeenlightened
byvisitstothelocationsinNepaland
India where Lord Buddha was born
(between 600 and 400 BC), received
enlightenment, preached, and died.
Today these locations are connected
via a pilgrimage circuit and still
function as important destinations
for pilgrims and cultural tourists.
Following the death of Jesus Christ,
Christian pilgrimage to Jerusalem,
andlatertoRome,wasthebasisofan
importantcirculationbetweenEurope
and the Roman lands of today’s
Middle East. Long distance travel Jerusalem wasthecenter ofancient andmedieval Christian
waned with the fall of the Eastern pilgrimage 1
2 CHAPTER 1: Tourism and Tourist Accommodations
Roman(Byzantine)Empireinthethirteenthcenturybutintra-regionaltravel
flourished in the medieval periodwith the GrandTour in Southern Europe.
Global explorations characterized the Middle Ages, resulting in the coloni-
zation of most of the world’s territory by European superpowers. The
Industrial Revolution of the early nineteenth century and the subsequent
invention and widespread adoption of steam trains and steam ships, auto-
mobiles, and airplanes characterized the early modern era from the 1820s
untiltheSecondWorldWar.TheendofWorldWarIIunleashedthespeediest
phase of global and extraterrestrial exploration and travel of any period of
time beforeinhumanhistory.
Wheredoesthelodgingsectorfitinwiththislonghistoryoftravel?Each
ofthesehistoricalperiodshaditsownlodgingneeds.Theearlyresthousesof
HinduandBuddhistpilgrims(dharamshalasdcharitableresthouses)arestill
usedtodaytoprovideshelterandsustenancetopilgrimsinvariousplacesin
India.TheruinsofancientroadsideinnscanbefoundthroughoutIndiaand
Israel/Palestine, and many others that are already several centuries old are
still functioning as pilgrim rest houses. During medieval times, inns and
roadside watering holes (for horses and their drivers) were developed to
refresh weary travelers and meet their sleeping needs. These early pilgrim
rest houses and roadside inns are often cited as the original concept behind
today’s hospitality sector.
The development of trains and railway networks during the early
and mid-1800s saw a rapid spread of travel in Europe, the UK, North
America, Australia, and parts of
Asia. In fact, railway lines were
critical to the settlement of the
American west and in the devel-
opment of popular resorts on
the US east coast (e.g. Ocean
City,AtlanticCity,CapeMay),as
well as on the coast of Great
Britain (e.g. Brighton, Blackpool,
Llandudno). Resort communities
like Atlantic City and Cape May
developedrapidlyduringthemid-
1800s with the train-induced
mobilization of crowds from the
growing population centers of the
northeast (e.g. New York City,
Boston, Baltimore, Philadelphia).
Ruinsof anancientwaystation, or roadsideinn in Palestine Resorts and hotels were built
Tourism and Tourist Accommodations 3
rapidly to accommodate this newfound socio-economic force known as
seasidetourism.Manyoftheoriginalhotelsstillfunctionashotelsandhave
been listedonAmerica’s RegisterofHistoric Places.
Trans-continentalrailwaydevelopmentinCanadacreatedastringoflarge
luxury hotels from the east coast to the west coast. Several have since been
demolishedornolongerfunctionashotels,buttheremainingpropertiesare
still consideredluxury lodging options and provide some of the most exclu-
sive accommodations in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario,
Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia. Several are now operated by
FairmontHotels and Resorts (Table 1.1).
At the end of the nineteenth century with the invention of the
combustible engine, automobiles became popular. During the 1920s and
1930s, personal cars became more widespread as more and more families
were able to afford them. This fueled the development of coastal resort
towns and other inland destinations throughout the world, including the
colonial highland resorts in Indonesia and India, to which European
colonizers flocked to escape the tropical heat of the lowlands. Cars also
enabled people to explore. While few highways existed in the early
twentieth century, travelers began to penetrate areas that had before been
accessible only by footor carriage, or throughwhich trains passed without
stopping. The popularity of the automobile also fueled the growth of
mountain, forest, and coastal destinations and increased demand for
Table1.1 ExistingCanadianPacificRailwayHotelsfromtheEarlyYears
YearOpened Hotel Location
1888 BanffSpringsHotel Banff,Alberta
1889 TheAlgonquin StAndrews,NewBrunswick
1890 ChateauLakeLouise LakeLouise,Alberta
1893 ChaˆteauFrontenac QuebecCity,Quebec
1908 EmpressHotel Victoria,BritishColumbia
1914 PalliserHotel Calgary,Alberta
1917 DigbyPinesResort Digby,NovaScotia
1927 LordNelsonHotel Halifax,NovaScotia
1927 HotelSaskatchewan Regina,Saskatchewan
1929 CornwallisInn Kentville,NovaScotia
1929 RoyalYorkHotel Toronto,Ontario
1930 ChaˆteauMontebello Montebello,Quebec
1930 LakesideInn Yarmouth,NovaScotia
1939 HotelVancouver Vancouver,BritishColumbia
4 CHAPTER 1: Tourism and Tourist Accommodations
lodging and dining services. It was during this period that the notion of
motels, or motor hotels, developed.
Airtraveltookoffintheearlytwentiethcenturywiththefirstcommercial
flight in 1914 in Florida, where Tony Jannus flew 21miles (34km) from
StPetersburgtoTampainatwo-seatermachineatanaltitudeofonly50feet
(15m).Thefirsttrans-Atlanticflightoccurredin1919.Advancesinairplane
technology came about via the two world wars. The mid-1900s saw the
growth of larger and more efficient aircrafts that enabled larger cohorts of
society to traveloverseasanddomestically.Thisfueleddemandfortourism
and the need foraccommodations even further.
Today in the late modern era we face such rapid technological trans-
formations that it is unsettling to many people. The Internet has become
amechanismthatallowspeopletoarrangetheirowntravel,includinghotel
reservations, bypassing industry intermediaries, which has expanded hotel
andresortprofitmarginsandgivendirectaccessandcontroltothecustomer.
The Internet is constantly being refined and applied in ever more diverse
contextsandformoreuses.Transportationinnovationscontinuetodevelop,
withoneofthemostrecentdevelopmentsbeingthelargestpassengeraircraft
evermadedtheAirbusA380,whichcanaccommodate853peopleandflyat
a maximum cruising speed of 945kmp/587mph. Likewise, super cruise
ships have developed to carry more than 3000 passengers at one time, and
newapartmentcruiseshavebecomevogueamongtheworld’swealthyelites.
Higher capacity transportation modes have the potential to increase global
travel,ifthereisadequatedemand.Ifhistoryisanypredictorofthefuture,it
isverylikelythatsuchdemandwillmeetthechallenge.Assuchthereisan
obvious need for lodging providers to keep pace and to meet the needs of
a growing global marketplace, particularly as new destinations open up,
demand characteristics change, international relations improve, and cross-
border travel and trade areliberalized.
Theimportanceandmagnitudeofglobaltourismcannotbeoverstressed.
Nearly a billion international overnight trips were taken in 2007, with
expenditures measuring in the trillions of dollars. In the United States,
domestic and international travelers spend an average of $2 billion a day,
$84.5 million an hour, $1.4 million a minute, and $23500 per second
(AmericanHotelandLodgingAssociation,2008).Becauseinmostinstances
between25and35%ofalltouristspending,varyingfromcasetocase,goesto
accommodations, the importance of lodging in tourism also cannot be
overstressed. This is a substantial portion of travel expenditures and
amounts to hundreds of billions of dollars every year. In the United States
alone, there were 48062 lodging properties in 2007 with 4.5 million guest
rooms.Directspendingbytravelersonovernightstayswasjustunder$140
Tourism and Tourist Accommodations 5
billion, and the year’s average occupancy rate was 63.1% (American Hotel
andLodgingAssociation,2008).
Given these magnanimous figures associated with tourism, it is little
wonderthattouristsandtheirhotelscontributeagreatdealtotheeconomic
well-being of tourist destinations, especially in terms of regional income,
employment,taxes,andthestimulationofentrepreneurialism.Bythesame
token, such masses of people have contributed to the degradation of desti-
nation environments and resulted in disillusioned communities whose
residents often loathe outsiders, even if their very livelihoods depend on
them. In response to these conditions, destination planners and hotel
managersrealizetheneedtodevelopfacilitiesanddestinationsthataremore
sociallyandenvironmentallysustainable.Thegreenmovementandvarious
formsofcommunity-based,orpro-poor,tourismhaveemergedinthelodging
domaintominimizetheecologicalimpactsofhotels,lodges,andresortson
the environment and involve destination residents in tourism decision
making and in providing more sustainable and scale-appropriate forms of
accommodation.
Withtheglobalizationofthelodgingsectorhascomeexposuretoabigger
world, where cultures meet and often clash, supranationalist bodies now
control tourism with more authority and power than individual states, and
where firms and corporations are exposed to more volatile socio-economic
environments. Part of this broader process of globalization is a deepening
concernoversafetyandsecurity,whichaffectsallcomponentsofthetourism
system; hotels, motels, and resorts are not immune. All tourist lodging
businesses have had to adapt to changing security landscapes to ensure the
safetyoftheirguestsandtocontributetoacollectivesenseofsecurityinthe
destination.
Ifthereis one thinginlife that remains the same, it is change. This old
clich´e holds true for tourism and accommodations as well. As mentioned
above, technological development has facilitated a more rapid growth in
supply and demand for accommodations. While technological change is
difficulttokeeppacewith,ithasenabledmany companiestobecomemore
efficient in managing human resources, budgets, and service departments
through advanced management information systems. It has also saved
considerable sums of money through online advertising and by eliminating
many fee-based travel intermediaries. Another aspect of change that has
affected most lodging businesses is the need to expand the bottom line to
meet the profit requirements of shareholders and business partners by
expanding the product to include conference sales, special events, food and
beverage services, and gaming. All of these issues and many others are
examinedinthe chaptersthat follow.