Tourism and inequality: problems and prospects PDF
Preview Tourism and inequality: problems and prospects
Tourism and Inequality Problems and Prospects This book is dedicated to Shannay and Toby, in the hope that the inequalities in and through tourism will be reduced by the time they come to book their fi rst holiday. Tourism and Inequality Problems and Prospects Edited by Stroma Cole University of the West of England and Nigel Morgan University of Wales Institute, Cardiff CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Head Offi ce CABI North American Offi ce Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire, OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CAB International 2010. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Tourism and inequality : problems and prospects / edited by Stroma Cole, Nigel Morgan. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84593-662-4 (hardback alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-84593-690-7 (pbk.: alk paper) 1. Tourism. 2. Tourism--Sociological aspects. I. Cole, Stroma, 1962- II. Morgan, Nigel. III. Title. G155.A1T58934862 2010 306.4’.819--dc22 2010019057 ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 662 4 (hardback) ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 690 7 (paperback) Commissioning editor: Sarah Hulbert Production editor: Kate Hill Typeset by Columns Design Ltd, Reading, UK. Printed and bound in the UK by MPG Books Group. Contents Contributors vii Foreword x Acknowledgements xii Acronyms xiii Introduction: Tourism and Inequality xv Stroma Cole and Nigel Morgan Part I: Inequalities for Consumers 1 Tourism, Disability and Mobility 1 Jennie Small and Simon Darcy 2 Tourism and Visual Impairment 21 Victoria Richards, Nigel Morgan, Annette Pritchard and Diane Sedgley 3 Equal Access for All? Regulative Mechanisms, Inequality and Tourism Mobility 34 C. Michael Hall Part II: Inequalities for Producers 4 Sex Tourism and Inequalities 49 Jacqueline Sánchez Taylor 5 Access and Marginalization in a Beach Enclave Resort 67 Sheena Carlisle 6 Fair Trade in Tourism – a Marketing Tool for Social Transformation? 85 Angela Kalisch 7 Tourism and Human Rights 107 Stroma Cole and Jenny Eriksson v vi Contents Part III: Prospects for Reducing Inequalities 8 Social Tourism for Low-income Groups: Benefi ts in a UK and Irish Context 126 Lynn Minnaert, Jane Stacey, Bernadette Quinn and Kevin Griffi n 9 Tourism and Welfare: Ethics, Responsibility and Well-being 143 Derek Hall and Frances Brown 10 Pro-poor Tourism: Can Tourism Contribute to Poverty Reduction in Less Economically Developed Countries? 164 Dorothea Meyer 11 Urban Beaches as Social Tourism Installations: Case Studies of Paris Plage and Bristol Urban Beach 183 Tim Gale 12 Justifying Tourism: Justice through Tourism 194 Freya Higgins-Desbiolles Conclusion: Tourism, Inequalities and Prospects 212 Nigel Morgan and Stroma Cole Index 217 Contributors Frances Brown is a freelance editor and author. She was editor of Tourism Management from 1987 to 1996 and is on the editorial board of Tourism Recreation Research. She has also lectured in the UK and abroad on publishing tourism research, and was guest editor of a recent special issue on tourism of Third World Quarterly. Dr Sheena Carlisle is Senior Lecturer in Tourism Management, and Programme Director for Undergraduate Tourism at the University of Wales Institute, Cardiff. Her research interests include: political economy of tourism in developing countries; fair trade and pro-poor tourism; small and medium enterprise (SME) development and partnership models in destination management. Dr Stroma Cole is a senior lecturer in Tourism Geography at the University of the West of England. With research interests in responsible tourism development in less developed countries, the anthropology of tourism, and the link between tourism and human rights, she is an activist researcher critiquing the consequences of tourism development. Stroma is Chair of Tourism Concern: see http://www.tourismconcern.org.uk for further details. Associate Professor Simon Darcy is Research Director in the School of Leisure, Sport and Tourism at the University of Technology, Sydney. He teaches, researches and has published in the areas of social participation patterns, public policy, environmental planning and inclusive planning practices for marginalized groups. Since incurring a spinal cord injury, Simon is a power wheelchair user and has been active in the advocacy and research of issues facing people with disabilities. Jenny Eriksson studied Human Rights at the Institution of Global Studies at Gothenburg University, Sweden. In 2008 she undertook research for Tourism Concern’s report ‘Putting Tourism to Rights’ and in 2009 researched Swedish tour operators and corporate responsibility and human rights for the Swedish network on fair travel ‘Schyst Resande’. She is author of the site http://www.fairtourism.org, which discusses human rights related issues in tourism. Dr Tim Gale is a senior lecturer in Tourism Geography at the University of the West of England, Bristol. His research interests include the decline and restructuring of cold- water resorts, new forms of tourism production and consumption (e.g. cyber- and eco- tourism; urban beaches), and environmental sustainability and tourism development. Dr Kevin Griffi n is the Head of Tourism at the School of Hospitality Management and Tourism in the Dublin Institute of Technology. Having studied teaching, tourism organization and historic settlement, and having previously worked in a number of vii vviiiiii CCoonnttrriibbuuttoorrss geography departments, he has a broad range of interests in the tourism, heritage and sustainability areas. His interests in social tourism link with his research into sustainable and religious tourism and are developed from his volunteer work in the provision of holidays. C. Michael Hall is Professor in the Department of Management at the University of Canterbury, New Zealand; Docent in the Department of Geography, University of Oulu, Finland; and visiting professor at the Linnaeus University School of Business and Economics, Sweden. Derek Hall was trained in geography and social anthropology, and he has a doctorate in urban social and political geography. Together with Frances Brown he co-wrote Tourism and Welfare: Ethics, Responsibility and Sustained Well-being, published by CAB International in 2006. Dr Freya Higgins-Desbiolles is a lecturer in tourism in the School of Management, University of South Australia. She holds degrees in politics and international relations and has 10 years working experience in development and development education. Her research in tourism has included a focus on the concerns of host communities, the impacts of tourism, indigenous tourism and justice through tourism. She has recently worked with indigenous Australian communities and Palestinians on projects fostering the use of tourism for community benefi t. Angela Kalisch is Senior Lecturer in Tourism Management at the University of Gloucestershire. Between 1999 and 2002, she was organizing international research on Fair Trade in Tourism and Corporate Social Responsibility at the UK-based Non- Governmental Organization (NGO) Tourism Concern. She is currently updating this work for her PhD. Dr Dorothea Meyer is Senior Lecturer at Sheffi eld Hallam University, UK. Her research is investigating how tourism can be used as a tool for poverty reduction. While her current research is mainly focused on Africa, she also works in Europe, Asia and the Pacifi c. Previously, Dorothea worked for the tourism team at Overseas Development Institute (ODI). Dr Lynn Minnaert is a research fellow and lecturer at the University of Westminster. Her research focuses on social tourism in the UK and Europe, and on social sustainability in the tourism and events industry. Nigel Morgan is Professor of Tourism Studies at the University of Wales Institute, Cardiff. He writes on destination brands, tourism, social justice and citizenship, and hopeful tourism scholarship. His next book will be the second edition of The Critical Turn in Tourism Studies, edited with Irena Ateljevic and Annette Pritchard. Polyp is an activist and full time cartoonist/illustrator/prop builder for a wide range of campaign groups and NGOs. His work can be seen at http://www.polyp.org.uk. His ambitious graphic novel, Speechless – World History Without Words, is published by New Internationalist and Friends of the Earth International. See http://www. speechlessthebook.org for further details. Annette Pritchard is Professor of Critical Tourism Studies and Director of the Cardiff School of Management’s Welsh Centre for Tourism Research at the University of Wales Institute, Cardiff. She researches on tourism and gender, hopeful tourism scholarship, and destination brands. She is an editorial board member of the Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, Tourism and Hospitality Research and the Annals of Tourism Research. Bernadette Quinn is a human geographer. She lectures in the School of Hospitality Management and Tourism, Dublin Institute of Technology. Her research interests include tourism and cultural change, festivals and events, and tourism and social justice. Her work has been published in a number of journals including Social and Cultural Geography, Urban Studies and Annals of Tourism Research. Contributors ix Victoria Richards is a qualifi ed rehabilitation offi cer and has worked with and for people with visual impairment in public sector and charity organizations. She is pursuing a University of Wales Institute, Cardiff-funded doctoral study of the tourism experiences of people with visual impairment at the Welsh Centre for Tourism Research in the Cardiff School of Management. Jacqueline Sánchez Taylor is a lecturer at the University of Leicester. She has undertaken extensive ethnographic research on sex tourism with a particular focus on female sex tourism. Her research and publications have focused on theoretical questions about the intersections of race, gender, sexuality, age and economic inequalities in the global sex trade. Dr Diane Sedgley is Senior Lecturer in Tourism at the University of Wales Institute, Cardiff. Her research interests focus on under-empowered and discriminated against groups in society, and she has published on the tourism and leisure activities of older people, people with disabilities and gay and lesbian consumers. Jennie Small is a senior lecturer in the School of Leisure, Sport and Tourism at the University of Technology, Sydney. Her specifi c research interest is tourist behaviour from a critical tourism approach, focusing on equity and social justice issues in tourism. Her research publications relate to embodiment, gender, disability, obesity, age and the life course. Jane Stacey is a researcher and lecturer in the School of Hospitality Management and Tourism, Dublin Institute of Technology. Her research interests include social justice and equality issues in tourism, sustainability, education and cultural tourism. She also conducts applied research projects on behalf of public sector agencies, industry associations and private commercial organizations.
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