Tourism and Global Environmental Change: Ecological, Social, Economic and Political Interrelationships (Contemporary Geographies of Leisure, Tourism and Mobility)

339 Pages·2006·1.88 MB·English

by  S. Gissling

Tourism and Global
Environmental Change
Globalenvironmentalchangeisoneofthemostsignificantissuesfacinghuman-
kind.TourismandGlobalEnvironmentalChangeprovidesthefirstcomprehen-
sive analysis of the economic, social and political interrelationships between
tourismandglobalenvironmentalchange.Inthisbook,tourismisseentobebotha
significantcontributor toglobal environmentalchange and one of theeconomic
sectors that potentially will be most impacted by such changes.
TourismandGlobalEnvironmentalChangeisdividedintothreesections.The
firstsectionexaminesthetourismandglobalenvironmentalchangerelationshipin
specificenvironments,includingpolarregions,mountains,rivers,forests,coastal
regions, reefs, deserts and the urban environment. The second section looks at
specificglobalissuesrelatedtoenvironmentalchangeandincludesthespreadof
disease and its potential effects on tourism, biodiversity, water resources and
extremeweatherevents.Thefinalsectiondiscussessomeofthedifferentpercep-
tionsheldbytouristsandthetouristindustryonglobalenvironmentalchange.It
concludes by investigating some of the potential responses to global environ-
mental change by the tourism industry and government.
This indispensable collection of essays from leading scholars in the field,
TourismandGlobalEnvironmentalChange,concludesthatthereisamajorcrisis
facingtourism.Itarguesthatimpactsarerealandarepotentiallyextremelyserious
both for tourism and for the communities that depend upon the tourism industry.
Stefan Gössling is Associate Professor, Department of Service Management,
Lund University, Sweden.
C. Michael Hall is Professor, Department of Tourism, University of Otago,
Dunedin, New Zealand, and Docent, Department of Geography, University of
Oulu, Finland.
Contemporary Geographies of Leisure, Tourism and Mobility
Series Editor: C. Michael Hall
Professor at the Department of Tourism, University of Otago, New Zealand.
Theaimofthisseriesistoexploreandcommunicatetheintersectionsandrelation-
ships between leisure, tourism and human mobility within the social sciences.
Itwillincorporatebothtraditionalandnewperspectivesonleisureandtourism
fromcontemporarygeography,e.g.notionsofidentity,representationandculture,
while also providing for perspectives from cognate areas such as anthropology,
culturalstudies,gastronomyandfoodstudies,marketing,policystudiesandpolit-
icaleconomy,regionalandurbanplanning,andsociology,withinthedevelopment
of an integrated field of leisure and tourism studies.
Also,increasingly,tourismandleisureareregardedasstepsinacontinuumof
humanmobility.Inclusionofmobilityintheseriesofferstheprospecttoexamine
therelationshipbetweentourismandmigration,thesojourner,educationaltravel,
and the second home and retirement travel phenomena.
The series comprises two strands:
Contemporary Geographies of Leisure, Tourism and Mobilityaims to
address the needs of students and academics, and the titles will be published in
hardback and paperback. Titles include:
The Moralisation of Tourism The Media and the Tourist
Sun, sand … and saving the world? Imagination
Jim Butcher Converging cultures
Edited by David Crouch, Rhona
The Ethics of Tourism Development
Jackson and Felix Thompson
Mick Smith and Rosaleen Duffy
Tourism and Global Environmental
Tourism in the Caribbean
Change
Trends, development, prospects
Ecological, social, economic and
Edited by David Timothy Duval
political interrelationships
Qualitative Research in Tourism Edited by Stefan Gössling and
Ontologies, epistemologies and C. Michael Hall
methodologies
Edited by Jenny Phillimore and Lisa
Goodson
Routledge Studies in Contemporary Geographies of Leisure, Tourism and
Mobilityis a forum for innovative new research intended for research students
and academics, and the titles will be available in hardback only. Titles include:
1. Living with Tourism 3. Tourism and Postcolonialism
NegotiatingIdentitiesinaTurkish Contested discourses, identities and
Village representations
Hazel Tucker C. Michael Hall and Hazel Tucker
2. Tourism, Diaspora and Space
Tim Coles and Dallen J. Timothy
Tourism and Global
Environmental Change
Ecological, social, economic and
political interrelationships
Edited by Stefan Gössling and
C. Michael Hall
First published 2006
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
© 2006 Stefan Gössling and C. Michael Hall editorial matter and
selection; the contributors their individual chapters.
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006.
“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Gössling, Stefan.
Tourism and global environmental change : ecological, social,
economic, and political interrelationships / Stefan Gössling and
C. Michael Hall.
p. cm. — (Contemporary geographies of leisure, tourism, and
mobility) Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Tourism—Environmental aspects. 2. Global environmental change.
I. Hall, Colin Michael, 1961– II. Title. III. Series.
G155.A1G67 2005 338.4791–dc22
2005011328
ISBN10: 0-415-36131-1(hbk)
ISBN10: 0-415-36132-X(pbk)
ISBN13: 9-78-0-415-36131-6 (hbk)
ISBN13: 9-78-0-415-36132-3 (pbk)
Contents
List of tables vii
List of figures ix
List of contributors x
Preface xii
Acknowledgements xiii
1 An introduction to tourism and global environmental change 1
STEFANGÖSSLINGANDC.MICHAELHALL
PART I
Environments 35
2 Impacts of global environmental change on tourism in the
polar regions 37
MARGARETE.JOHNSTON
3 Global environmental change and mountain tourism 54
DANIELSCOTT
4 Lakes and streams 76
BRENDAE.JONES,DANIELSCOTTANDSTEFANGÖSSLING
5 Tourism and forest ecosystems 95
STEFANGÖSSLINGANDTHOMASHICKLER
6 The coastal and marine environment 107
STEPHENJ.CRAIG-SMITH,RICHARDTAPPERANDXAVIERFONT
7 Deserts and savannah regions 128
ROBERTPRESTON-WHYTE,SHIRLEYBROOKSANDWILLIAMELLERY
8 Tourism urbanisation and global environmental change 142
C.MICHAELHALL
vi Contents
PART II
Global issues 157
9 Tourism, disease and global environmental change:
the fourth transition? 159
C.MICHAELHALL
10 Tourism and water 180
STEFANGÖSSLING
11 Extreme weather events 195
CHRISR.DEFREITAS
12 Tourism, biodiversity and global environmental change 211
C.MICHAELHALL
PART III
Stakeholder adaptation and perceptions 227
13 The role of climate information in tourist destination
choice decision making 229
JACQUELINEM.HAMILTONANDMARENA.LAU
14 Restructuring the tourist industry: new marketing
perspectives for global environmental change 251
SZILVIAGYIMÓTHY
15 US ski industry adaptation to climate change:
hard, soft and policy strategies 262
DANIELSCOTT
16 The example of the avalanche winter 1999 and the
storm Lothar in the Swiss Alps 286
CHRISTIANJ.NÖTHIGER,ROLFBÜRKIANDHANSELSASSER
17 Tourists and global environmental change: a possible
scenario in relation to nature and authenticity 293
ERIKAANDERSSONCEDERHOLMANDJOHANHULTMAN
18 Conclusion: wake up ... this is serious 305
STEFANGÖSSLINGANDC.MICHAELHALL
Index 321
Tables
1.1 Changes in climate and weather phenomena 14
1.2 Weaknesses of current models in predicting travel flows 22
2.1 Some aspects of global environmental change with
relevance for Arctic tourism 44
3.1 Comparison of climate change impacts on the ski industry 58
3.2 Visitation to parks in the Rocky Mountains under climate
change scenarios 67
4.1 Projected season length of the Rideau Canal Skateway
under climate change 81
4.2 Fresh water bathing areas in Europe, 2003 83
4.3 Endangered wetlands and saltwater intrusion 89
5.1 Forest-based activities 96
6.1 Regulatory instruments 112
6.2 Coastal erosion 115
6.3 Habitat degradation 117
6.4 Pollution 118
6.5 Water handling management 119
6.6 Cruise ships 121
6.7 Local sourcing of products 122
6.8 Marine-based activities 123
6.9 Recreational areas 124
6.10 Commercial fishing 125
6.11 Key factors in an integrated approach to tourism and
coastal and marine management 126
9.1 What is carried by humans when they travel 162
9.2 World population growth compared to growth in
international tourism arrivals 163
9.3 Pre-border, border and post-border biosecurity strategies 171
9.4 Possible direct and indirect health effects arising from
global climate change 173
10.1 Global flows of tourists between regions and
corresponding water use (2000) 185
10.2 Country overview statistics 187
viii Tables
11.1 Definitions and measures of climate and weather
extremes, and impact classes 197
11.2 Day-to-dayairtemperaturevariabilityfortheUSA,People’s
RepublicofChinaandtheformerSovietUnion,shownas
meanlineartrend(ºCperdecade)indailytemperature
variabilityvalues 201
13.1 Sources of attributes for the questionnaire 236
13.2 Descriptive profile of respondents 239
13.3 Descriptive profile of holidays 240
13.4 Results of the ranking of destination attributes 241
13.5 Mean differences between destination attribute rank values 241
13.6 Cross-tabulations of climate information and the weather
in the week before the holiday 242
13.7 Number of information sources used 243
13.8 Cross-tabulations of information sources and the weather
and having visited the destination previously 244
13.9 Preferences for information about climate attributes 246
13.10 Preferences for the presentation of information about
climate attributes 246
15.1 Types of climate change adaptation options available to
the ski industry 265
15.2 Natural and snowmaking-enhanced ski seasons in eastern
North America 268
15.3 Ski area revenue sources 275
15.4 North American ski conglomerates 276
15.5 National Ski Areas Association policy on climate change 281
16.1 Direct costs of the avalanche winter of 1999 in Switzerland 288
16.2 Loss of earnings for the tourist industry in the Swiss Alps
caused by the avalanche winter of 1999 289
18.1 Most at-risk destinations 308
18.2 United States passenger and travel forecasts 316
Figures
1.1 Extent of mobility in time and space 3
1.2 Variations in the Earth’s surface temperature, 1000–2100 8
1.3 Themes in the context of tourism and environmental change 15
3.1 Historic ski season variability in the eastern USA 60
3.2 Ski area utilisation in the north-east ski region (1974–75 to
1995–96) 64
3.3 Impact of environmental change on visitation to Glacier-
Waterton Lakes International Peace Park 69
7.1 Global distribution of hyper-arid, arid and semi-arid
(savannah) regions 130
9.1 Growth in world population versus world tourism 163
10.1 Tourism-related shifts in global water use 184
11.1 The number of hurricanes and tropical storms in the tropical
North Atlantic Basin per year, 1886–2003 198
11.2 USA hurricane strikes by decade, 1900–1999 199
11.3 Inter-annual surface temperature variability versus global
temperature anomalies for the 1897–1997 time series 202
11.4 A schematic representation of relationships between climatic
range and tourism potential 203
11.5 Two distributions with the same mean, but the
variance is larger for (b) 204
11.6 A forecast of future maximum air temperature distribution 205
11.7 Response of probability distributions to changes in mean
and variance of daily air temperature 206
13.1 Conceptual model with hypotheses of the role of climate
information in the tourist decision-making process 234
15.1 US ski areas with snowmaking systems 266
15.2 Number of ski areas operating in the USA (1983–2003) 279
18.1 The influence of temporal and spatial resolution on
assessing mobility-related phenomena 309
18.2 Scale in tourism analysis 309