Tourism and Entrepreneurship: International Perspectives (Advances in Tourism Research)

448 Pages·2009·6.78 MB·English

by  Stephen Page

ADVANCESINTOURISMRESEARCH
SeriesEditor:ProfessorStephenJ.Page
UniversityofStirling,UK
[email protected]
AdvancesinTourismResearchseriespublishesmonographsandeditedvolumesthatcomprisestate-of-the-art
researchfindings,writtenandeditedbyleadingresearchersworkinginthewiderfieldoftourismstudies.The
serieshasbeendesignedtoprovideacuttingedgefocusforresearchersinterestedintourism,particularlythe
managementissuesnowfacingdecision-makers,policyanalystsandthepublicsector.Theaudienceismuch
widerthanjustacademicsandeachbookseekstomakeasignificantcontributiontotheliteratureinthefieldof
study by not only reviewing the state of knowledge relating to each topic but also questioning some of the
prevailingassumptionsandresearchparadigmswhichcurrentlyexistintourismresearch.Theseriesalsoaimsto
provideaplatformforfurtherstudiesineachareabyhighlightingkeyresearchagendaswhichwillstimulate
furtherdebateandinterestintheexpandingareaoftourismresearch.Theseriesisalwayswillingtoconsidernew
ideasforinnovativeandscholarlybooks,inquiriesshouldbemadedirectlytotheSeriesEditor.
Previouslypublishedtitlesinthisseriesinclude:
InternationalPerspectivesofFestivalsandEvents
ALI-KNIGHT
Tomorrow’sTourist:Scenarios&Trends
YEOMAN
AsianTourism:GrowthandChange
COCHRANE
DevelopmentsinTourismResearch
AIREY
NewFrontiersinMarineTourism
GARROD
BattlefieldTourism
RYAN
TravelMedicine:TalesBehindtheScience
WILDER-SMITH
TheCriticalTurninTourismStudies
ATELJEVIC
TourismandPolitics
BURNS
TourismintheNewEurope
THOMAS
Hospitality:ASocialLens
LASHLEY
Micro-ClustersandNetworks
MICHAEL
RelatedElsevierJournalsdsamplecopiesavailableonrequest
AnnalsofTourismResearch
InternationalJournalofHospitalityManagement
TourismManagement
WorldDevelopment
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List of Figures
Figure 3.1: The basic model ofthe entrepreneurialprocess
that includespersonality factors.............................................................. 43
Figure 7.1: The Triple Helix Model..........................................................................112
Figure 7.2: The innovation process at Scottish Enterprise
for the Scottish tourism sector................................................................118
Figure 8.1: AnatomyofaCraftsCluster....................................................................144
Figure 9.1: Wairarapa–partofthecentrestagetourismmacro-region,
NewZealand............................................................................................155
Figure 10.1: Formergoat killertrapped and tamed: Nairobi......................................175
Figure 10.2: Cowkilledby lions inKenya:an expensiveloss...................................177
Figure 10.3: Poached elephant carcase:Kibwezi, Kenya...........................................183
Figure 10.4: Zebra poached for its skin:Kitengela Plains, Kenya.............................184
Figure 10.5: Semi-domesticated Eland ona Kenyangame ranch..............................188
Figure 10.6: Elephant shot under big game hunting licence, 1970:
Mt Elgon Kenya......................................................................................192
Figure 10.7: Lion shot under a biggame licence,
Narok, Kenyabefore the 1977huntingban............................................193
Figure 10.8: NguliaLodge: Tsavo West National park, Kenya..................................194
Figure 10.9: South African White Rhino translocated
toMeru National Park,Kenya................................................................200
Figure 12.1: Drina ValleyTourism Region..................................................................224
Figure 12.2: SocialSolution’s strategicframework....................................................229
Figure 13.1: The embeddedness oftourismentrepreneurshipin entrepreneurial
and innovation systems...........................................................................246
Figure 13.2: Relativepositioning ofstate policies towards entrepreneurship............262
Figure 14.1: FLOWER model, shows concentration oftourismaround
regional centre and dayvisitsfrom here to other‘‘tourism
destinations’’inthe regionand immediatevicinity.
Sustainability and long-term development were not
satisfactoryinthe situtation some 10 years ago.....................................277
xvi List of Figures
Figure 14.2: GARLAND model,represents aim todeveloparrange of
attractions around the region, which together with quality
of accommodationand services providesa successful
network for sustainableand long-term tourism aswell as
opportunities for cross-regional and cross border co-operation.............278
Figure 15.1: Model of evolutionof e-adoption...........................................................295
Figure 17.1: Major distributionchannelsfor Australian travel toNewZealand.......316
Figure 17.2: Ananalytical framework for international
tourismdistributionsystems....................................................................317
Figure 17.3: Distributionchannelsfor chain hotels in Wellington
by independentleisure travellers.............................................................319
Figure 17.4: Distributionchannelsfor heritage and cultural attractions
inRotorua andWellington......................................................................320
Figure 18.1: Model of Entrepreneurial Potential.........................................................338
Figure 19.1: Easter1915..............................................................................................366
List of Tables
Table 3.1: The characteristics of asuccessfulentrepreneur and the socio-economic
structure indifferent phasesof the individual–opportunity
interchange process................................................................................. 45
Table 4.1: Thegeneral framework for analysisof the cases................................... 65
Table 7.1: Innovation inA˚re, Hamesdal and Hovdenentrepreneur views.............112
Table 7.2: Howbusinesses may increaseinnovativeactivity..................................113
Table 7.3: The benefitsof tourism networks...........................................................116
Table 7.4: Functions and benefits oftourismnetworks...........................................117
Table 7.5: ScottishEnterprise Industry Demand Statement,2007..........................119
Table 8.1: Craft businessowner/manager characteristics........................................141
Table 9.1: Push and pullfactors...............................................................................157
Table 10.1: Depletion ofgamestocksin Niokola Koba National Park,Senegal.....185
Table 10.2: Depletion ofgamestocksin MurchisonFalls
National Park, Uganda............................................................................185
Table 10.3: Private protected areas in selected East and South African countries
in 1996.....................................................................................................187
Table 12.1: SWOTanalysis for DVTR......................................................................231
Table 13.1: Approaches tothe institutional design ofpublic tourism
organizations............................................................................................249
Table 13.2: Characteristicsofdifferent policytypes.................................................251
Table 13.3: Simple framework for categorizing public policiesthat affect tourism
entrepreneurship......................................................................................254
Table 13.4: SouthAfrican tourism entrepreneurship supportprogrammes..............257
Table 15.1: Costandbenefit analysis for developinginternet
presence for SMTEs................................................................................295
Table 17.1: An exampleof net revenueper channel for asmallattraction..............326
Table 19.1: Late Victorian travel from the UK toEurope........................................349
Table 19.2: Financial performanceof ThomasCook1909–23
(5-year average)[£’000].........................................................................352
Table 19.3: Financial performanceof ThomasCook1913–19(£’)..........................353
Table 19.4: Christmas Railway CompanyAdvertising(December 1914)
from London Termini..............................................................................355
xviii List of Tables
Table 19.5: Advertisements inThe Times newspaper of Shipping Lines from
the UK,6 March 1915............................................................................356
Table 19.6: Thomas Cook &Sons ofGreat Britain: resorts promoted
for healthtourism....................................................................................358
Table 19.7: Railway posters from 1915 and their main destination slogans............364
Table 19.8: Advertising ofrailway hotels1916–18 inThe Railway
and TravelMonthly.................................................................................365
Appendix 19.1: Railway advertising topromote tourist visitation by rail
1915–18 inThe RailwayTravelMonthly.........................................375
List of Contributors
Alastair Durie, Department of History, University of Stirling and formerly Senior
Lecturer in History, Universityof Glasgow(mailcontact isStephen Page)
AndreasWalmsleyisSeniorLecturerinBusinessManagement,YorkStJohnUniversity,
York, [email protected]
Anne-MetteHjalagerisaSeniorResearcherAdvance/1,ScienceParkGustavWiedsvej
Aarhus C. [email protected]
Arvid Flagestad, Norwegian School of Management, Oslo, Norway. Arvid.flagestad
@bi.no
C. Michael Hall is Professor at the Department of Management, Collegeof Business &
Economics, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand and Docent,
Department of Geography, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. michael.hall@
canterbury.ac.nz
David Gallagher is an Independent Consultant for Business/Regional Development,
based in Sarjevo,BiH. [email protected]
DimitriosBuhalisisProfessorofTourism,InternationalCentreforTourism&Hospitality
Research, Bournemouth University, UK. [email protected]
Douglas Pearce is Professor of Tourism Management, Victoria Management School,
Victoria UniversityofWellington, NewZealand. [email protected].
Edward H. Huijbens is Director of Icelandic Tourism Research Centre – Borgum v/
Nordurslod,Akureyri,Iceland. [email protected]
Elizabeth Chell is Professor of Entrepreneurship & Entrepreneurial Behaviour, Small
BusinessResearchCentre,KingstonUniversityLondon,KingstonHill,Kingston
upon Thames, KT2 7LB, UK. [email protected]
Hilary C. Murphy is Professor of Information Technology & E-marketing Ecole
hoˆtelie`re de Lausanne Le Chalet-a`-Goblet, Lausanne, Switzerland. Hilary.
[email protected]
IanFillisisaSeniorLecturerinMarketing,ManagementSchool,UniversityofStirling,
UK. i.r.fi[email protected]
IrenaAteljevicisAssociateProfessorinSocio-SpatialAnalysis,WageningenUniversity,
the Netherland, [email protected]
JovoAteljevicisLecturer ofEntrepreneurship,StirlingManagementSchool,University
ofStirling, UK. [email protected]
xx List of Contributors
JulieFranchettiisTourismInnovationManager,ScottishEnterprise,Glasgow,UK.Julie.
[email protected]
LanLiisAssociateProfessorofHospitalityAdministration,SchoolofFamily,Consumer
and Nutrition Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, USA. lanli@niu.
edu
Linda Peeters, the Socio-Spatial Analysis Group at Wageningen University, the Neth-
erlands. [email protected]
MarkoKosˇcˇak(PhD)isanindependentconsultantandadvisorforRuralDevelopmentin
Slovenia. Currently he is Project Manager of the Dolenjska and Bela krajina
Heritage Trails Partnership inSE, Slovenia. [email protected]
PatriciaN. Joubert(Dr)UniversityofSwazilandFacultyof Commerce
Peter Bjo¨rk is Professor at the Swedish School of Economics and Business Adminis-
tration, Vasa, Finland.peter.bjork@hanken.fi
PeterRosaistheGeorgeDavidChairofEntrepreneurshipandFamilyBusiness,andHead
of the Entrepreneurship and Innovation Group at the Edinburgh University
BusinessSchool,Edinburgh, UK. [email protected]
Rhodri Thomas is ITT Chair of Tourism and Events Policy, UK Centre for Events
Management, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK. [email protected]
Sara Nordin, European Tourism Research Institute O¨stersund, Sweden. sara.nordin@
etour.se
Stephen Doorne is a Director of Wrighton Doorne Limited consultancy and Associate
Professor at the University of the South Pacific, Fiji. wrighton_doorne@yahoo.
co.nz
Stephen J. Page, Scottish Enterprise Professor of Tourism Management, Stirling
Management School, Universityof Stirling, [email protected]
Thomas Forbes is a Senior Lecturer of Management and Public Policy, Department
of Management, Stirling Management School, University of Stirling, UK.
[email protected]
TonyO’RourkeisDirectoroftheFinance&InvestmentSeminarProgramme,University
ofStirling, UK. [email protected]
Acknowledgements
The editors would like to thank: the London Transport Museum, for permission to
reproduce the image from the 1915 poster; Totally Wellington,for permission touse the
mapoftheCentralStageMacroTourismRegion,NewZealand;andtheUnitedNations,
forpermissiontousethemapofBosniaandHerzegovina(DrinaValleyTourismRegion).