Tortola Environmental Profile, Addendum-Preliminary Plant List

118 Pages·2015·8.07 MB·English

by  Judith Towle

An Environmental Profile of the Island
of TORTOLA, British Virgin Islands

ADDENDUM I
PRELIMINARY LIST OF PLANT SPECIES

J.A. WOOLLAM FOUNDATION
ADDENDUM I
To the Tortola Environmental Profile

Table 1. Preliminary List of Plant Species for Tortola Page 1
Table 2. Preliminary List of Tortola’s Plant Species, Page 35
by Location: Anderson Point to Duff Bottom
Table 3. Preliminary List of Tortola’s Plant Species, Page 77
by Location: Edney-Lower Sage to the
Sophie Hill Area
ADDENDUM I
Table 1

Preliminary List of Plant Species for Tortola

This plant list was principally compiled by Kevel C. Lindsay from identifications made during the
terrestrial survey phase of the Tortola Environmental Profile project in 2014 and 2015, with field and
research support from Jean-Pierre Bacle; from the Flora of the West Indies catalogue at the
Smithsonian Institution (see http://botany.si.edu/antilles/WestIndies/catalog.htm); from previous
reports and floral guides to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands; and through the ongoing efforts of
research teams from the Royal Botanic Gardens (Kew) and the National Parks Trust of the Virgin
Islands.
Family Species Habit Origin Habitat Status Comments
Pteridophytes - Ferns & Fern Allies
Plants on Tortola are smaller and less dissected than
Aspleniaceae Asplenium cristatum Lamarck H N MF Rare
are known for this species. Needs further study.
Asplenium pumilum Sw. H N SF Rare

Blechnum appendiculatum Possibly present at Mt. Sage., and may hybridise with
Blechnaceae H N MF Rare
Willd. B. occidentale.
Blechnum appendiculatum x
H N MF Rare
occidentale
Blechnum occidentale Hort. H N MF Loc.

Cyatheaceae Cyathea arborea (L.) Sm. T N MF Rare

Dennstaedtiaceae Odontosoria aculeata (L.) J. Sm. V N MF Rare

Hymenophyllaceae Didymoglossum angustifrons Fée H N MF Rare
Didymoglossum punctatum
(Poiret) Desvaux subsp. H N MF Rare
punctatum
Hymenophyllum polyanthos
H N MF Rare
(Swartz) Swartz

Arachniodes chaerophylloides
Dryopteridaceae H N MF Rare WI Endemic.
(Poir.) Proctor

Lomariopsidaceae Nephrolepis biserrata Cultivar H I MF, SF Cult. Fish Tail Fern cultivar. Escaping in Road Town.
Nephrolepis brownii (Desv.)
H I MF, SF Natur. Highly Invasive.
Hovenkamp & Miyam.
Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott H N MF, SF Loc.
Nephrolepis exaltata Cultivar. H I MF, SF Natur. Highly Invasive cultivar. Also cultivated.
Nephrolepis rivularis (Vahl)
H N MF Rare
Mettenius ex Krug in Urban

Lycopodiella cernua (Linnaeus)
Lycopodiaceae H N MF Loc.
Pichi Sermolli var. cernua

Campyloneurum costatum
Polypodiaceae H N MF Rare
(Kunze) C. Presl
1 TORTOLA (BVI) ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE —ADDENDUM I
Family Species Habit Origin Habitat Status Comments
Campyloneurum phyllitidis (L.) C.
H N MF Loc.
Presl
Microgramma heterophylla (L.)
H N MF Rare
Wherry
Microgramma lycopodioides
H N MF Rare
(Linnaeus) Copeland
Microgramma piloselloides
H N MF Rare
(Linnaeus) Copeland
Neurodium lanceolatum
H N MF, SF Rare
(Linnaeus) Fée
Phlebodium aureum (L.) J. Sm. H N MF, SF Loc.
Phlebodium cf. decumanum
H N MF Rare
(Willd.) J. Sm.
Phymatosorus grossus (Langsd. &
H I Gard, SF Natur.
Fisch.) Brownlie
Phymatosorus scolopendria
H I Gard, SF Natur.
(Burm. f.) Pic. Serm.
Phymatosorus sp. H I Gard, SF Natur.
Pleopeltis
polypodioides (Linnaeus) E. G.
H N SF. MF Loc.
Andrews & Windham var.
polypodioides
Serpocaulon dissimile (Linnaeus)
H N MF Rare
A. R. Smith
Serpocaulon triseriale (Swartz) A.
H N MF Rare
R. Smith

Psilotaceae Psilotum nudum (L.) P. Beauv. H N MF UnC.

Acrostichum danaeifolium
Pteridaceae H N Aqua Rare Almost extinct.
Langsdorff & Fischer
Adiantum cf. fragile Sw. var. WI Endemic. The ID here is tentative since plants are
H N SF, MF Loc.
fragile somewhat different to those on other islands.
Adiantum latifolium Lam. H N MF Com.
Adiantum petiolatum Desv. H N MF Rare
Adiantum pulverulentum L. H N MF Rare
Adiantum villosum L. H N MF Com.
Cheilanthes microphylla (Sw.)
H N SF Rare
Sw.
Hemionitis palmata L. H N SF Rare
Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.)
H N SF, MF Loc.
Link
Pityrogramma chrysophylla (Sw.)
H N CW UnC. WI Endemic.
Link var. gabrielae Domin
Pteris biaurita L. H N MF Loc.
Pteris vittata L. H I Gard Natur.
Vittaria lineata (Linnaeus) Smith H N MF Rare

Thelypteris dentata (Forssk.) E.P.
Thelypteridaceae H I SF, MF Natur. Hybridises with T. hispidula.
St. John
Thelypteris germaniana (Fée)
H N MF Rare
Proctor
Thelypteris hispidula (Decaisne)
H N MF Loc.
Reed var. hispidula
Thelypteris hispidula (Decaisne)
H N MF Loc. WI Endemic.
Reed var. inconstans
Thelypteris cf. kunthii (Desv.)
H N SF, MF Loc.
Morton
2 TORTOLA (BVI) ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE —ADDENDUM I
Family Species Habit Origin Habitat Status Comments
Thelypteris sp. H N MF Rare Possibly a form of T. patens.
Thelypteris tetragona (Swartz)
Small ex R. P. Saint John H N SF, MF Com.
var. tetragona
Ironically, a WI Endemic, though from a potentially
Thelypteris dentata x inconstans H N MF Rare
unnaturally introduced species.

Monocots - One Cotyledon-seeded Plants

Amaryllidaceae Crinum asiaticum Linnaeus H I Gard, Grass Natur. Also cultivated.
Crinum bulbispermum (Burman
f.) Milne-Redhead & H I Gard, Grass Natur. Also cultivated.
Schweickerdt
Hippeastrum puniceum (Lam.)
H I Gard, Grass Natur.
Voss
An introduced aggressive cultivar from Florida is often
Hymenocallis caribaea (L.) Herb. H N SF, CW Loc.
cultivated and endangers the local form.

Aglaonema commutatum
Araceae H I Gard Cult.
Schott
Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G.
H I Gard, Aqua Natur.
Don
Anthurium cordatum (L.) Schott H N SF, MF Com. WI Endemic.
Anthurium crenatum (L.) Kunth H N SF, MF Com. WI Endemic.
Anthurium x selloum K. Koch H N SF, MF Rare WI Endemic.
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott H I Gard Cult. An occasional escapee.
Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.)
H N SF, MF UnC.
Schott
Epipremnum pinnatum
V I Gard, SF Natur. Invasive. Also cultivated.
(Linnaeus) Engler
Monstera deliciosa Liebmann V I Gard, SF Cult. Escaping in some areas.
Philodendron domesticum
V I Gard Cult.
Bunting
Philodendron giganteum Schott H N SF, MF Com.
Philodendron hederaceum
V N SF, MF Rare
(Jacq.) Schott
Philodendron lingulatum (L.) K.
V N SF, MF Rare WI Endemic. ?
Koch
Philodendron sagittifolium
V I Gard Cult.
Liebmann
Philodendron sp. H N SF, MF Rare WI Endemic./Unknown form.
Listed as native by some experts, but probably
Pistia stratiotes L. H I Aqua Loc.
introduced.
Syngonium podophyllum Schott V I SF, MF Natur. Potentially Invasive.
Xanthosoma cf. sagittifolium (L.)
H I Gard, MF Cult.
Schott
Xanthosoma violaceum Schott H N Gard Cult. Native wild populations may now be extinct.

Arecaceae Adonidia merrillii (Becc.) Bec. T I Gard, MF, SF Cult. May be becoming naturalised.
Arecastrum romanzoffianum
T I Gard Cult.
(Chamisso) Beccari
Dypsis lutescens (H. Wendl.) Sometime escapee around Brewers Bay and other
T I Gard Cult.
Beentje & Dransf. towns.
Elaeis guineensis Jacq. T I Gard Cult.
Caryota mitis Lour. T I Gard Cult.
Chamaedorea seifrizii Burret T I Gard Cult.
3 TORTOLA (BVI) ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE —ADDENDUM I
Family Species Habit Origin Habitat Status Comments
Chamaerops humilis L. T I Gard Cult.
Coccothrinax barbadensis
T N SF, CW Com. The sp. of the VIs was until recently listed as C. alta.
(Lodd. ex Mart.) Becc.
Gard, MF, SF, Though this is a highly prized species, it is often very
Cocos nucifera L. T I Natur.
CW invasive in some areas, especially along the coast.
Livistona chinensis R. Brown T I Gard Cult.
Livistona decipiens (W. Bull)
T I Gard Cult.
Dowe
Neoveitchia storckii (H.A.
T I Gard Cult. Needs further study for confirmation.
Wendl.) Becc.
A seedless cultivar, probably hybridized with other
Phoenix canariensis Chabaud T I Gard Cult.
forms.
Phoenix roebelenii O'Brien T I Gard Cult.
Phoenix sp. T I Gard Cult. Possibly dwarf forms of P. canariensis.
Prestoea montana (R. Graham)
T N MF Ext.? WI Endemic. Listed by Beard, 1949.
G. Nicholson
Pritchardia pacifica Seem. & H.
T I Gard Cult.
Wendl.
Ptychosperma elegans (R.Br.)
T I Gard, MF, SF Natur. Also cultivated.
Blume
Ptychosperma macarthurii (H.
Wendland ex H.J. Veitch) H. T I Gard Cult.
Wendland ex Hooker f.
Roystonea borinquena O.F.
T N SF, MF Loc. WI Endemic.
Cook
Sabal minor (Jacq.) Pers. T I Gard Cult.
Sabal causiarum (O.F. Cook)
T N CW Rare WI Endemic.
Becc.
Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.)
T I Gard Cult.
Glassman
Thrinax radiata Lodd. ex Schult.
T I Gard Cult.
& Schult. f.
Wodyetia bifurcata I.K. Irvine T I Gard Cult.

Asparagaceae Agave cf. americana L. H I Gard Cult.
Agave beauleriana Jacobi H I Gard Cult.
Agave fourcroydes Lem. H I Gard, SF Natur.? Invasive.
Agave missionum Trel. H N SF, CW, CS UnC. WI Endemic; Endangered
Agave sp. H I Gard Cult.
Agave sp. H I Gard Cult.
Agave sp. H I Gard Cult.
Possibly introduced. Similar to plants at Belmont
Agave sp. H N SF Rare (West), but not as glaucous. The occurrence of this
species in these areas is strange.
Agave cf. tequilana F.A.C
H I Gard Cult.
Weber
Asparagus densiflorus (Kunth)
H I Gard, SF Cult. Sometimes naturalised.
Jessop
Beaucarnea recurvata Lem. H I Gard Cult.
Cordyline banksii cultivars H I Gard Cult.
Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chev. H I Gard Cult.
Dracaena marginata hort. S I Gard Cult.
Dracaena reflexa Lam. var.
S I Gard Cult.
angustifolia
Furcraea foetida (L.) Haw. H I Gard Cult.
4 TORTOLA (BVI) ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE —ADDENDUM I
Family Species Habit Origin Habitat Status Comments
Sansevieria hyacinthoides (L.)
H I Gard, SF Natur. Highly Invasive. Also cultivated.
Druce
Sansevieria trifasciata Prain H I Gard Cult. Potentially very invasive.
Yucca aloifolia L. T I Gard, SF Natur. Also cultivated.

Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.)
Araucariaceae T I Gard Cult.
Franco

Bromeliaceae Aechmea lingulata (L.) Baker H N SF, MF Loc.
Aechmea sp. H I Gard Cult. Possibly the giant Aechmea blanchetiana.
Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. H I Gard Cult.
Bromelia pinguin L. H I SF Natur. Likely introduced, and invasive.
Catopsis floribunda L.B. Sm. H N SF, MF Loc.
Pitcairnia angustifolia Sol. ex WI Endemic. May represent a species complex in the
H N SF, CW, CS Com.
Aiton var. angustifolia BVI.
Tillandsia fasciculata Sw. var.
H N SF Rare
fasciculata
Endemic? The two parent spp. seem to hybridise
Tillandsia fasciculata x setacea H N SF Rare
when growing together, producing this new form.
Tillandsia utriculata L. H N SF, MF, CS Com.
Tillandsia setacea Sw. H N SF Rare
Tillandsia sp. H N SF Rare Possibly T. utriculata, but has bright red to pink leaves.
Tillandsia variabilis Schltdl. H N SF Rare Listed here as tentative.
Tillandsia x lineatispica Mez H N SF Rare WI Endemic
Possibly Vriesea ringens. It is also possible two species
Vriesia sp. H N MF Rare
are present.

Gard, SF, MF,
Commelinaceae Callisia fragrans (Lindl.) Woodson H I Natur. Very invasive.
CW
Callisia repens (Jacq.) L. H N SF, CW, CS UnC.
Commelina cf. benghalensis L. H I SF, CS Natur.
Commelina erecta L. H N Gard, SF, CW Com.
Commelina diffusa Burm. f. H N Gard, SF, CW Com.
Tradescantia pallida (Rose) D.R.
H I Gard Cult. Potentially Invasive.
Hunt
Tradescantia spathacea Sw. H I Gard, SF Natur. Also cultivated.
Tradescantia zebrina hort. ex
H I Gard, SF Natur. Invasive.
Bosse

Kalanchoe daigremontiana
Crassulaceae H I SF, CW, CS Natur. Also cultivated.
Raym.-Hamet & Perrier
Kalanchoe delagoensis Eckl. &
H I SF, CW, CS Natur. Also cultivated.
Zeyh.
Kalanchoe laciniata (L.) DC. H I SF, CW, CS Natur. Also cultivated.
Kalanchoe laxiflora Baker H I SF, CW, CS Natur. Also cultivated.
Kalanchoe marmorata Baker H I SF, CW, CS Natur. Also cultivated.
Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. H I SF, CW, CS Natur. Also cultivated.

Cupressaceae Cupressus cf. sempervirens L. T I Gard Cult.

Cycadaceae Circas circinalis L. T I Gard Cult.
5 TORTOLA (BVI) ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE —ADDENDUM I
Family Species Habit Origin Habitat Status Comments
Zamia furfuracea Aiton T I Gard Cult.

Cymodoceaceae Syringodium filiforme Kütz. H N Wet Loc. Declining.

Cyperaceae Cyperus articulatus L. H N SF, Grass Loc.
Cyperus confertus Sw. H N SF, Grass Com.
Cyperus distans L. f. H N Wet, Grass Com.
Cyperus involucratus Rottb. H I Gard, Wet Natur.
Cyperus ligularis L. H N Grass, Wet Loc.
Cyperus nanus Willd. H N Grass, Wet Rare WI Endemic.
Cyperus odoratus L. H N Grass, Wet Loc.
Cyperus planifolius Rich. H N SF, Grass, Wet Loc.
Cyperus polystachyos Rottb. var.
H N Grass, Wet Loc.
polystachyos
Gard, Wet,
Cyperus rotundus L. H I Natur.
Grass
Cyperus sphacelatus Rottb. H N Grass, Wet Loc.
Cyperus unifolius Boeckeler H N Grass, Wet Rare WI Endemic.
Eleocharis geniculata (L.) Roem.
H N Grass, Wet Loc.
& Schult.
Eleocharis mutata (L.) Roem. &
H N Grass, Wet Loc.
Schult.
Fimbristylis cymosa R. Br. H N Grass, Wet Com.
Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl
H N Grass, Wet Loc.
subsp. dichotoma
Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.) Vahl H N Grass, Wet Loc.
Fimbristylis sp. H N Grass, Wet Loc.
Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. H N Grass, Wet Rare
Rhynchospora ciliata (G. Meyer)
H N Grass, Wet Loc.
Kükenthal
Rhynchospora radicans (Schltdl.
& Cham.) H. Pfeiff. subsp.
H N Grass, Wet Rare
microcephala (Bertero ex
Spreng.) W.W. Thomas
Rhynchospora sp. H N MF Rare Mount Sage.
Rhynchospora sp. H N MF Rare Mount Sage.
Schoenoplectus americanus
H N Grass, Wet Rare
(Pers.) Volkart ex Schinz & Keller
Schoenoplectus validus (Vahl) A.
H N Grass, Wet Rare
Löve & D. Löve
Scleria gaertneri Raddi H N Wet, Grass Loc.
Scleria lithosperma (L.) Sw. H N SF Com.
Scleria microcarpa Nees ex
H N MF, Grass Rare
Kunth
Scleria sp. H N MF Rare Mount Sage.

Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea alata L. V I SF Cult. Also naturalised.
6 TORTOLA (BVI) ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE —ADDENDUM I
Family Species Habit Origin Habitat Status Comments
Dioscorea pilosiuscula Bertero ex
V N SF, MF Rare
Spreng.

Heliconiaceae Heliconia caribaea Lam. H N SF, MF Loc. WI Endemic.
Heliconia psittacorum Linnaeus f. H I Gard Cult.
Heliconia rostrata Ruiz & Pavon H I Gard Cult.

Hydrocharitaceae Egeria densa Planch. H I Aqua Natur.
Thalassia testudinum K.D.
H N Wet Loc.
Koenig

Hypoxidaceae Hypoxis decumbens L. H N MF Rare

Marcgravia rectiflora Triana &
Marcgraviaceae V N MF Rare WI Endemic.
Planch.

Some authorities now list these forms as Musa AAB,
Musaceae Musa x paradisiaca Linnaeus H I Gard Cult.
sterile triploids.

Orchidaceae Brassavola cucullata (L.) R. Br. H N SF Rare
Cyclopogon elatus (Sw.) Schltr. H N SF, MF Rare
Cymbidium ensifolium (L.) Sw. H I Gard Cult.
Dendrobium hybrid H I Gard Cult.
Epidendrum boricuarum
H N MF Rare WI Endemic.
Hágsater & L. Sánchez
Epidendrum ciliare L. H N SF, MF Com.
Eulophia alta (L.) Fawc. &
H N MF Rare
Rendle
Habenaria monorrhiza (Sw.)
H N MF Rare
Rchb. f.
Liparis nervosa (Thunb.) Lindl. H N MF Rare
Microchilus hirtellus (Sw.) D.
H N MF Rare
Dietr.
Myrmecophila humboldtii
H I Gard Cult.
(Rchb.f.) Rolfe
Despite the fact that this species is being identified as
Oeceoclades maculata (Lindl.)
H N SF, MF Com. invasive and introduced, it is likely that it arrived
Lindl.
naturally and should be considered native.
Ponthieva racemosa (Walter) C.
H N MF Loc.
Mohr.
Prescottia oligantha (Sw.) Lindl. H N MF Rare
Psychilis kraenzlinii (Bello) WI Endemic. It's presence on Tortola remains in
H N SF Rare
Sauleda question.
Psychilis macconnelliae
H N SF, CW, CS Loc.
Sauleda
Tetramicra canaliculata (Aubl.)
H N CW, CS Loc. WI Endemic.
Urb.
Tolumnia prionochila (Kraenzl.)
H N SF, CW, CS Loc. WI Endemic.
Braem
Tolumnia variegata (Sw.) Braem H N SF Rare WI Endemic.

Pandanaceae Pandanus dubius Spreng. T I Gard Cult.

Grass, CW,
Poaceae Andropogon bicornis L. H N Loc.
CS
Andropogon glomeratus
Grass, CW,
(Walter) Britton, Sterns, & H N Loc.
CS
Poggenburg
7 TORTOLA (BVI) ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE —ADDENDUM I
Family Species Habit Origin Habitat Status Comments
Anthephora hermaphrodita (L.) Grass, CW,
H N Loc.
Kuntze CS
Grass, CW,
Aristida portoricensis Pilg. H N Rare WI Endemic.
CS
Arundo donax L. f. versicolor
H I Grass Natur. A giant grass growing to over 6m tall.
(Mill.) Stokes
Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P.
H N Loc.
Beauv
Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex
S I Natur.
J.C. Wendl.
Bothriochloa pertusa (Linnaeus)
H I Grass Natur. Invasive.
Camus
Bouteloua americana (L.)
H N Rare
Scribn.
Cenchrus echinatus L. H N Com.
Cenchrus incertus M.A. Curtis H N Loc.
Chloris barbata Sw. H N Com.
Chloris radiata (L.) Sw. H N Loc.
Coix lacryma-jobi L. H I Aqua Natur.
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var.
H I Grass Natur.
dactylon
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.)
H I Grass Natur.
Willd.
Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Roem. &
H I Grass Natur.
Schult.
Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler H I Grass, CW Natur.
Digitaria eggersii (Hack.)
H N Grass, CW Rare WI Endemic.
Henrard
Digitaria insularis (L.) Mez ex
H N Grass, CW Rare
Ekman
Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene H N Grass, CW Rare
Echinochloa colona (L.) Link H I Grass Natur.
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. H I Grass Natur.
Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R. Br. H I Grass Natur.
Eriochloa punctata (L.) Desv. ex
H N Grass, CW UnC.
Ham.
Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.
H I Grass Natur.
Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.
Ichnanthus nemorosus (Sw.) Döll.
H N Grass, CW Rare
var. nemorosus
Lasiacis divaricata (L.) Hitchc. H N Grass, CW Com.
Leptochloa panicea (Retz.)
Ohwi subsp. brachiata (Steud.) H N Grass, CW UnC.
N.W. Snow
Lithachne pauciflora (Swartz)
H N Grass, CW Loc.
Palisot de Beauvois
Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.)
H I Grass, CW Natur. Invasive.
B.K. Simon & S.W.L. Jacobs
Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka H I Grass Natur.
Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P. Beauv.
H N Grass, CW Loc.
subsp. hirtellus
Olyra latifolia L. H N Grass, CW UnC.
Panicum polygonatum Schrad. H N Grass, CW Rare
Pappophorum pappiferum
H N Grass, CW Rare
(Lam.) Kuntze
8 TORTOLA (BVI) ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE —ADDENDUM I