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Topics in Graph Automorphisms and Reconstruction PDF

209 Pages·2016·1.522 MB·English
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LONDONMATHEMATICALSOCIETYLECTURENOTESERIES ManagingEditor:ProfessorM.Reid,MathematicsInstitute, UniversityofWarwick,CoventryCV47AL,UnitedKingdom Thetitlesbelowareavailablefrombooksellers,orfromCambridgeUniversityPressat http://www.cambridge.org/mathematics 312 Foundationsofcomputationalmathematics,Minneapolis2002,F.CUCKERetal.(eds) 313 Transcendentalaspectsofalgebraiccycles,S.MU¨LLER-STACH&C.PETERS(eds) 314 Spectralgeneralizationsoflinegraphs,D.CVETKOVIC´,P.ROWLINSON&S.SIMIC´ 315 Structuredringspectra,A.BAKER&B.RICHTER(eds) 316 Linearlogicincomputerscience,T.EHRHARD,P.RUET,J.-Y.GIRARD&P.SCOTT(eds) 317 Advancesinellipticcurvecryptography,I.F.BLAKE,G.SEROUSSI&N.P.SMART(eds) 318 Perturbationoftheboundaryinboundary-valueproblemsofpartialdifferentialequations,D.HENRY 319 DoubleaffineHeckealgebras,I.CHEREDNIK 320 L-functionsandGaloisrepresentations,D.BURNS,K.BUZZARD&J.NEKOVA´Rˇ(eds) 321 Surveysinmodernmathematics,V.PRASOLOV&Y.ILYASHENKO(eds) 322 Recentperspectivesinrandommatrixtheoryandnumbertheory,F.MEZZADRI&N.C.SNAITH(eds) 323 Poissongeometry,deformationquantisationandgrouprepresentations,S.GUTTetal(eds) 324 Singularitiesandcomputeralgebra,C.LOSSEN&G.PFISTER(eds) 325 LecturesontheRicciflow,P.TOPPING 326 ModularrepresentationsoffinitegroupsofLietype,J.E.HUMPHREYS 327 Surveysincombinatorics2005,B.S.WEBB(ed) 328 Fundamentalsofhyperbolicmanifolds,R.CANARY,D.EPSTEIN&A.MARDEN(eds) 329 SpacesofKleiniangroups,Y.MINSKY,M.SAKUMA&C.SERIES(eds) 330 Noncommutativelocalizationinalgebraandtopology,A.RANICKI(ed) 331 Foundationsofcomputationalmathematics,Santander2005,L.MPARDO,A.PINKUS,E.SU¨LI& M.J.TODD(eds) 332 Handbookoftiltingtheory,L.ANGELERIHU¨GEL,D.HAPPEL&H.KRAUSE(eds) 333 Syntheticdifferentialgeometry(2ndEdition),A.KOCK 334 TheNavier–Stokesequations,N.RILEY&P.DRAZIN 335 Lecturesonthecombinatoricsoffreeprobability,A.NICA&R.SPEICHER 336 Integralclosureofideals,rings,andmodules,I.SWANSON&C.HUNEKE 337 MethodsinBanachspacetheory,J.M.F.CASTILLO&W.B.JOHNSON(eds) 338 Surveysingeometryandnumbertheory,N.YOUNG(ed) 339 GroupsStAndrews2005I,C.M.CAMPBELL,M.R.QUICK,E.F.ROBERTSON&G.C.SMITH(eds) 340 GroupsStAndrews2005II,C.M.CAMPBELL,M.R.QUICK,E.F.ROBERTSON&G.C.SMITH(eds) 341 Ranksofellipticcurvesandrandommatrixtheory,J.B.CONREY,D.W.FARMER,F.MEZZADRI& N.C.SNAITH(eds) 342 Ellipticcohomology,H.R.MILLER&D.C.RAVENEL(eds) 343 AlgebraiccyclesandmotivesI,J.NAGEL&C.PETERS(eds) 344 AlgebraiccyclesandmotivesII,J.NAGEL&C.PETERS(eds) 345 Algebraicandanalyticgeometry,A.NEEMAN 346 Surveysincombinatorics,A.HILTON&J.TALBOT(eds) 347 Surveysincontemporarymathematics,N.YOUNG&Y.CHOI(eds) 348 Transcendentaldynamicsandcomplexanalysis,P.J.RIPPON&G.M.STALLARD(eds) 349 ModeltheorywithapplicationstoalgebraandanalysisI,Z.CHATZIDAKIS,D.MACPHERSON,A.PILLAY &A.WILKIE(eds) 350 ModeltheorywithapplicationstoalgebraandanalysisII,Z.CHATZIDAKIS,D.MACPHERSON, A.PILLAY&A.WILKIE(eds) 351 FinitevonNeumannalgebrasandmasas,A.M.SINCLAIR&R.R.SMITH 352 Numbertheoryandpolynomials,J.MCKEE&C.SMYTH(eds) 353 Trendsinstochasticanalysis,J.BLATH,P.MO¨RTERS&M.SCHEUTZOW(eds) 354 Groupsandanalysis,K.TENT(ed) 355 Non-equilibriumstatisticalmechanicsandturbulence,J.CARDY,G.FALKOVICH&K.GAWEDZKI 356 EllipticcurvesandbigGaloisrepresentations,D.DELBOURGO 357 Algebraictheoryofdifferentialequations,M.A.H.MACCALLUM&A.V.MIKHAILOV(eds) 358 Geometricandcohomologicalmethodsingrouptheory,M.R.BRIDSON,P.H.KROPHOLLER& I.J.LEARY(eds) 359 Modulispacesandvectorbundles,L.BRAMBILA-PAZ,S.B.BRADLOW,O.GARC´IA-PRADA& S.RAMANAN(eds) 360 Zariskigeometries,B.ZILBER 361 Words:notesonverbalwidthingroups,D.SEGAL 362 Differentialtensoralgebrasandtheirmodulecategories,R.BAUTISTA,L.SALMERO´N&R.ZUAZUA 363 Foundationsofcomputationalmathematics,HongKong2008,F.CUCKER,A.PINKUS&M.J.TODD(eds) 364 Partialdifferentialequationsandfluidmechanics,J.C.ROBINSON&J.L.RODRIGO(eds) 365 Surveysincombinatorics2009,S.HUCZYNSKA,J.D.MITCHELL&C.M.RONEY-DOUGAL(eds) 366 Highlyoscillatoryproblems,B.ENGQUIST,A.FOKAS,E.HAIRER&A.ISERLES(eds) 367 Randommatrices:highdimensionalphenomena,G.BLOWER 368 GeometryofRiemannsurfaces,F.P.GARDINER,G.GONZA´LEZ-DIEZ&C.KOUROUNIOTIS(eds) 369 Epidemicsandrumoursincomplexnetworks,M.DRAIEF&L.MASSOULIE´ 370 Theoryofp-adicdistributions,S.ALBEVERIO,A.YU.KHRENNIKOV&V.M.SHELKOVICH 371 Conformalfractals,F.PRZYTYCKI&M.URBAN´SKI 372 Moonshine:thefirstquartercenturyandbeyond,J.LEPOWSKY,J.MCKAY&M.P.TUITE(eds) 373 Smoothness,regularityandcompleteintersection,J.MAJADAS&A.G.RODICIO 374 Geometricanalysisofhyperbolicdifferentialequations:anintroduction,S.ALINHAC 375 Triangulatedcategories,T.HOLM,P.JØRGENSEN&R.ROUQUIER(eds) 376 Permutationpatterns,S.LINTON,N.RUSˇKUC&V.VATTER(eds) 377 AnintroductiontoGaloiscohomologyanditsapplications,G.BERHUY 378 Probabilityandmathematicalgenetics,N.H.BINGHAM&C.M.GOLDIE(eds) 379 Finiteandalgorithmicmodeltheory,J.ESPARZA,C.MICHAUX&C.STEINHORN(eds) 380 Realandcomplexsingularities,M.MANOEL,M.C.ROMEROFUSTER&C.T.CWALL(eds) 381 Symmetriesandintegrabilityofdifferenceequations,D.LEVI,P.OLVER,Z.THOMOVA& P.WINTERNITZ(eds) 382 Forcingwithrandomvariablesandproofcomplexity,J.KRAJ´ICˇEK 383 Motivicintegrationanditsinteractionswithmodeltheoryandnon-ArchimedeangeometryI,R.CLUCKERS, J.NICAISE&J.SEBAG(eds) 384 Motivicintegrationanditsinteractionswithmodeltheoryandnon-ArchimedeangeometryII,R.CLUCKERS, J.NICAISE&J.SEBAG(eds) 385 EntropyofhiddenMarkovprocessesandconnectionstodynamicalsystems,B.MARCUS,K.PETERSEN& T.WEISSMAN(eds) 386 Independence-friendlylogic,A.L.MANN,G.SANDU&M.SEVENSTER 387 GroupsStAndrews2009inBathI,C.M.CAMPBELLetal.(eds) 388 GroupsStAndrews2009inBathII,C.M.CAMPBELLetal.(eds) 389 Randomfieldsonthesphere,D.MARINUCCI&G.PECCATI 390 Localizationinperiodicpotentials,D.E.PELINOVSKY 391 Fusionsystemsinalgebraandtopology,M.ASCHBACHER,R.KESSAR&B.OLIVER 392 Surveysincombinatorics2011,R.CHAPMAN(ed) 393 Non-abelianfundamentalgroupsandIwasawatheory,J.COATESetal.(eds) 394 Variationalproblemsindifferentialgeometry,R.BIELAWSKI,K.HOUSTON&M.SPEIGHT(eds) 395 Howgroupsgrow,A.MANN 396 Arithmeticdifferentialoperatorsoverthep-adicintegers,C.C.RALPH&S.R.SIMANCA 397 Hyperbolicgeometryandapplicationsinquantumchaosandcosmology,J.BOLTE&F.STEINER(eds) 398 Mathematicalmodelsincontactmechanics,M.SOFONEA&A.MATEI 399 Circuitdoublecoverofgraphs,C.-Q.ZHANG 400 Densespherepackings:ablueprintforformalproofs,T.HALES 401 AdoubleHallalgebraapproachtoaffinequantumSchur–Weyltheory,B.DENG,J.DU&Q.FU 402 Mathematicalaspectsoffluidmechanics,J.C.ROBINSON,J.L.RODRIGO&W.SADOWSKI(eds) 403 Foundationsofcomputationalmathematics,Budapest2011,F.CUCKER,T.KRICK,A.PINKUS& A.SZANTO(eds) 404 Operatormethodsforboundaryvalueproblems,S.HASSI,H.S.V.DESNOO&F.H.SZAFRANIEC(eds) 405 Torsors,e´talehomotopyandapplicationstorationalpoints,A.N.SKOROBOGATOV(ed) 406 Appalachiansettheory,J.CUMMINGS&E.SCHIMMERLING(eds) 407 Themaximalsubgroupsofthelow-dimensionalfiniteclassicalgroups,J.N.BRAY,D.F.HOLT& C.M.RONEY-DOUGAL 408 Complexityscience:theWarwickmaster’scourse,R.BALL,V.KOLOKOLTSOV&R.S.MACKAY(eds) 409 Surveysincombinatorics2013,S.R.BLACKBURN,S.GERKE&M.WILDON(eds) 410 Representationtheoryandharmonicanalysisofwreathproductsoffinitegroups, T.CECCHERINI-SILBERSTEIN,F.SCARABOTTI&F.TOLLI 411 Modulispaces,L.BRAMBILA-PAZ,O.GARC´IA-PRADA,P.NEWSTEAD&R.P.THOMAS(eds) 412 Automorphismsandequivalencerelationsintopologicaldynamics,D.B.ELLIS&R.ELLIS 413 Optimaltransportation,Y.OLLIVIER,H.PAJOT&C.VILLANI(eds) 414 AutomorphicformsandGaloisrepresentationsI,F.DIAMOND,P.L.KASSAEI&M.KIM(eds) 415 AutomorphicformsandGaloisrepresentationsII,F.DIAMOND,P.L.KASSAEI&M.KIM(eds) 416 Reversibilityindynamicsandgrouptheory,A.G.O’FARRELL&I.SHORT 417 Recentadvancesinalgebraicgeometry,C.D.HACON,M.MUSTAT¸A˘&M.POPA(eds) 418 TheBloch–KatoconjecturefortheRiemannzetafunction,J.COATES,A.RAGHURAM,A.SAIKIA& R.SUJATHA(eds) 419 TheCauchyproblemfornon-Lipschitzsemi-linearparabolicpartialdifferentialequations,J.C.MEYER& D.J.NEEDHAM 420 Arithmeticandgeometry,L.DIEULEFAITetal(eds) 421 O-minimalityandDiophantinegeometry,G.O.JONES&A.J.WILKIE(eds) 422 GroupsStAndrews2013,C.M.CAMPBELLetal(eds) 423 Inequalitiesforgrapheigenvalues,Z.STANIC´ 424 Surveysincombinatorics2015,A.CZUMAJetal.(eds) 425 Geometry,topologyanddynamicsinnegativecurvature,C.S.ARAVINDA,F.T.FARRELL&J.-F.LAFONT (eds) 426 Lecturesonthetheoryofwaterwaves,T.BRIDGES,M.GROVES&D.NICHOLLS(eds) 427 RecentadvancesinHodgetheory,M.KERR&G.PEARLSTEIN(eds) 428 GeometryinaFre´chetcontext,C.T.J.DODSON,G.GALANIS&E.VASSILIOU 429 Sheavesandfunctionsmodulop,L.TAELMAN 430 RecentprogressinthetheoryoftheEulerandNavierStokesequations,J.C.ROBINSON,J.L.RODRIGO, W.SADOWSKI&A.VIDAL-LO´PEZ(eds) 431 Harmonicandsubharmonicfunctiontheoryontherealhyperbolicball,M.STOLL 432 Topicsingraphautomorphismsandreconstruction(2ndEdition),J.LAURI&R.SCAPELLATO 433 RegularandirregularholonomicD-modules,M.KASHIWARA&P.SCHAPIRA 434 Analyticsemigroupsandsemilinearinitialboundaryvalueproblems(2ndEdition),K.TAIRA 435 GradedringsandgradedGrothendieckgroups,R.HAZRAT LondonMathematicalSocietyLectureNoteSeries:432 Topics in Graph Automorphisms and Reconstruction SecondEdition JOSEF LAURI UniversityofMalta RAFFAELE SCAPELLATO PolitecnicodiMilano UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781316610442 (cid:2)c JosefLauriandRaffaeleScapellato2016 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2016 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyClays,StIvesplc AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloguing-in-PublicationData Names:Lauri,Josef,1955–|Scapellato,Raffaele,1955– Title:Topicsingraphautomorphismsandreconstruction/ JosefLauriandRaffaeleScapellato. Description:2ndedition.|Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,2016.| Series:LondonMathematicalSocietylecturenoteseries;432| Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2016014849|ISBN9781316610442(pbk.:alk.paper) Subjects:LCSH:Graphtheory.|Automorphisms.|Reconstruction(Graphtheory) Classification:LCCQA166.L392016|DDC511/.5–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2016014849 ISBN978-1-316-61044-2Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyInternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Lil MaryAnne, Christina,BeppeuSandrina A Fiorella LondonMathematicalSocietyLectureNoteSeries:432 Topics in Graph Automorphisms and Reconstruction JOSEF LAURI UniversityofMalta RAFFAELE SCAPELLATO PolitecnicodiMilano Contents PrefacetotheSecondEdition pagexi PrefacetotheFirstEdition xiii 1 GraphsandGroups:Preliminaries 1 1.1 Graphsanddigraphs 1 1.2 Groups 3 1.3 Graphsandgroups 7 1.4 Edge-automorphismsandline-graphs 10 1.5 Awordonissuesofcomputationalcomplexity 13 1.6 Exercises 15 1.7 Notesandguidetoreferences 17 2 VariousTypesofGraphSymmetry 18 2.1 Transitivity 18 2.2 Asymmetricgraphs 25 2.3 Graphsymmetriesandthespectrum 29 2.4 Simpleeigenvalues 31 2.5 Highersymmetryconditions 32 2.6 Exercises 35 2.7 Notesandguidetoreferences 38 3 CayleyGraphs 39 3.1 Cayleycolourgraphs 39 3.2 Frucht’sandBouwer’sTheorems 42 3.3 Cayleygraphsanddigraphs 44 3.4 TheDoyle-HoltGraph 47 3.5 Non-Cayleyvertex-transitivegraphs 48 3.6 CosetgraphsandSabidussi’sTheorem 49 3.7 Doublecosetgraphsandsemisymmetricgraphs 51 vii

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