Topics in Acoustic Echo and Noise Control: Selected Methods for the Cancellation of Acoustical Echoes, the Reduction of Background Noise, and Speech Processing

647 Pages·2006·17.808 MB·English

by  Professor (em.) Dr.-Ing. Eberhard Hänsler, Dr.-Ing. Gerhard Schmidt (eds.)

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Topics in Acoustic Echo and Noise Control
MultimediaCommunicationTechnology
Selected Methods for the Cancellation of
Representation,Transmission
Acoustical Echoes, the Reduction of
andIdentificationofMultimediaSignals
Background Noise, and Speech Processing
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·
Eberhard Hänsler Gerhard Schmidt
(Eds.)
v
Topics in Acoustic
v
Echo and Noise
Control
Selected Methods for the Cancellation
of Acoustical Echoes, the Reduction of
Background Noise, and Speech Processing
With316Figures and 32 Tables
123
Editors
Professor (em.) Dr.-Ing. Eberhard Hänsler
Technische Universität Darmstadt
Institute of Telecommunications
Merckstrasse 25
D-64283 Darmstadt
Germany
Dr.-Ing. Gerhard Schmidt
Harman/Becker Automotive Systems
Acoustic Signal Processing
Soeflinger Strasse 100
D-89077 Ulm
Germany
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2006923555
ISBN-103-540-33212-xSpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork
ISBN-13978-3-540-33212-1SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork
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Preface
The demand for devices that utilize digital speech processing is constantly
growing. The desire to carry out tasks “hands-free” is very often the mo-
tivation. Examples are voice controlled technical devices, speech or speaker
recognitionsystems,hands-freecommunicationwithremotepartners,systems
to ease communication in noisy environments without using close-talking mi-
crophones, and to improve the hearing ability of impaired persons, to name
only a few. In the majority of these applications, the existence of acoustical
echoes and background noise lead to considerable performance degradations.
Methods for the cancellation of echoes and the suppression of background
noise,therefore,areofhighinteresttodesignersofspeechprocessingsystems.
The idea for this book arose immediately after the editors had finished
theirbookon“AcousticEchoandNoiseControl”1 sinceanumberofsubjects
could not be treated in sufficient detail and some important topics had to be
completely omitted. The editors also came to the conclusion that the value
of an additional book would be considerably increased if scientists that are
internationally recognized for their work on the related topics would report
on the state of the art and on their findings.
The editors approached most of the authors at EUSIPCO ’2004 and on
the spot they agreed to contribute to this project. The editors feel bound
to express their sincere thanks to all of them. Not only did they finish their
contributions in good time, they also accepted the proposals of the editors
with respect to notation of variables and references. Thus, it should be easier
for the reader to jump between different chapters.
The book is organized in five parts. Part I just contains a brief introduc-
tion into acoustic echo and noise control, a few remarks on current research
topics,andadescriptionofthecontentsofthebook.PartIIdealswithmulti-
microphone processing. Having the outputs of more than one microphone
1 EberhardHa¨nsler andGerhardSchmidt: Acoustic Echo and Noise Control,New
York, NY: Wiley, 2004
VI Preface
available opens an additional degree of freedom to the designer of speech
processing systems.
In Part III advanced methods for echo cancellation such as the identifica-
tion of sparse impulse responses, selective-tap update, and the application of
nonlinearechopathsmodelsarepresented.Attemptsforanintelligentcontrol
of hands-free telephones are introduced. Part IV is devoted to noise reduc-
tionprocedures.Anin-depthtreatmentofconventionalandofadvancedtime-
and frequency-domain methods is given, followed by a model-based approach
using Kalman filters.
Selected applications of acoustic echo and noise control systems are out-
lined in Part V. Auditory scene analysis, spatial sound reproduction by using
wave field synthesis, in-car communication, and adaptive signal processing in
high-end hearing aids are the topics of this part of the book.
All the authors and the editors hope that this book will become a use-
ful resource for researchers and developers, as well as for doctoral students,
who design new advanced procedures or who are on the “rocky road from
algorithms to systems”.
It is much more than a pure matter of duty that the editors wish to
thank all who helped during the preparation of this book. The dedication
of the authors has already been mentioned. Further thanks go to members
of the Signal Processing and Signal Theory Group at Darmstadt University
of Technology and the Acoustic Signal Processing Group at Harman/Becker
AutomotiveSystemsatUlm(Germany)forproofreadingandvariousvaluable
hints.
Finally, the editors have to thank the Springer Publishing Company, es-
pecially Dr. Dietrich Merkle and his colleagues, for their encouragement and
their help.
Darmstadt and Ulm, Germany Eberhard H¨ansler
Gerhard Schmidt
Contents
Abbreviations and Acronyms ..................................XV
Part I Introduction
1 Acoustic Echo and Noise Control – Where did we come
from and where are we going?
E. Ha¨nsler, G. Schmidt
1.1 The Journey to Maturity..................................... 3
1.2 State of the Art ............................................. 10
1.3 Outline of this Book ......................................... 12
Part II Multi-Microphone Processing
2 Joint Optimization of Acoustic Echo Cancellation and
Adaptive Beamforming
W. Herbordt, W. Kellermann, S. Nakamura
2.1 Introduction ................................................ 19
2.2 Concepts for Joint Acoustic Echo Cancellation and Adaptive
Beamforming ............................................... 21
2.3 Joint Optimization of Acoustic Echo Cancellation and Adaptive
Beamforming ............................................... 27
2.4 Implementation ............................................. 34
2.5 Experimental Results ........................................ 38
2.6 Conclusion ................................................. 43
VIII Contents
3 Blind Source Separation of Convolutive Mixtures of Audio
Signals in Frequency Domain
S. Makino, H. Sawada, R. Mukai, S. Araki
3.1 Introduction ................................................ 51
3.2 Blind Source Separation for Convolutive Mixtures ............... 53
3.3 Overview of Frequency-Domain Approach ...................... 55
3.4 Complex-Valued Independent Component Analysis .............. 58
3.5 Separation Mechanism of Blind Source Separation ............... 60
3.6 Source Localization.......................................... 61
3.7 Permutation Alignment ...................................... 67
3.8 Scaling Alignment ........................................... 72
3.9 Spectral Smoothing.......................................... 72
3.10 Experimental Results ........................................ 75
3.11 Conclusion ................................................. 85
4 Localization and Tracking of Acoustical Sources
G. Doblinger
4.1 Introduction ................................................ 91
4.2 Source Localization Using the Generalized Cross-Correlation
Function ................................................... 94
4.3 Source Localization Based on Interaural Time Differences ........ 97
4.4 Source Localization Using Adaptive Filters .....................103
4.5 Some Remarks on Algorithm Selection .........................110
4.6 Frequency-Domain Adaptive Beamformer with Speaker Tracking ..111
4.7 Conclusions.................................................120
Part III Echo Cancellation
5 Adaptive Algorithms for the Identification of Sparse
Impulse Responses
J. Benesty, Y. Huang, J. Chen, P. A. Naylor
5.1 Introduction ................................................125
5.2 Notation and Definitions .....................................126
5.3 Sparseness Measure..........................................128
5.4 The NLMS, PNLMS, and IPNLMS Algorithms..................130
5.5 Universal Criterion ..........................................132
5.6 Exponentiated Gradient Algorithms ...........................135
5.7 The Lambert W Function Based Gradient Algorithm ............140
5.8 Some Important Links Among Algorithms......................141
5.9 Simulations.................................................145
5.10 Conclusions.................................................149
Contents IX
6 Selective-Tap Adaptive Algorithms for Echo Cancellation
P. A. Naylor, A. W. H. Khong
6.1 Introduction ................................................156
6.2 Sequential and Periodic Tap Selection..........................157
6.3 MMax Tap Selection.........................................159
6.4 Selective Partial Update Tap Selection .........................166
6.5 Performance Comparison for Single-Channel Selective-Tap
algorithms..................................................168
6.6 Convergence Analysis ........................................168
6.7 Sparse Partial Update NLMS .................................179
6.8 multichannel Selective-Tap Algorithms for Stereophonic Acoustic
Echo Cancellation ...........................................181
6.9 Exclusive Maximum Tap Selection.............................185
6.10 Exclusive Maximum Adaptive Filters ..........................190
6.11 SAEC Simulation Results ....................................192
6.12 Discussion and Conclusion....................................194
A Appendices .................................................197
7 Nonlinear Acoustic Echo Cancellation
F. Ku¨ch, W. Kellermann
7.1 Introduction ................................................205
7.2 Nonlinear Acoustic Echo Paths................................207
7.3 Volterra Filters .............................................211
7.4 Power Filters ...............................................237
7.5 Conclusions.................................................257
8 Intelligent Control Strategies for Hands-Free Telephones
C. Breining, A. Mader
8.1 Introduction ................................................263
8.2 Fuzzy Systems ..............................................267
8.3 Learning Vector Quantization.................................276
8.4 Prerequisites for Automatic Optimization of Control Algorithms:
Optimum Step Size and Cost Function .........................282
8.5 Radial Basis Function Network for Step-Size Control.............288
8.6 Radial Basis Function Network for State Detection ..............305
Part IV Noise Reduction
9 Noise Reduction
U. Heute
9.1 Introduction ................................................325
9.2 Optimum-Filter Design in the Time Domain ....................329
X Contents
9.3 Wiener-Filter Description in the Frequency Domain..............332
9.4 Examples and Filtering Effects................................333
9.5 Wiener-Filter Realizations....................................336
9.6 Spectral Subtraction: Principles and Realization.................339
9.7 Noise Power Density Spectrum Estimation......................343
9.8 Subtraction and Weighting Rules..............................348
9.9 Spectral Analysis and Synthesis ...............................351
9.10 System Configurations, Experiments, and Comparisons...........367
9.11 Further Problems and Ideas, Concluding Remarks ...............376
10 Noise Reduction with Kalman-Filters for Hands-Free Car
Phones Based on Parametric Spectral Speech and Noise
Estimates
H. Puder
10.1 Introduction ................................................385
10.2 Speech and Car Noise Analysis................................387
10.3 Theoretical Basics ...........................................393
10.4 Application of Kalman Filters for Noise Reduction...............404
10.5 Comparison of the Results with Classical Frequency Domain
Noise Reduction Approaches..................................420
10.6 Conclusions.................................................425
Part V Selected Applications
11 Evaluation of Algorithms for Speech Enhancement
P. Dreiseitel, G. Schmidt
11.1 The Focus of this Chapter....................................431
11.2 Objective Tests for Noise Suppression..........................432
11.3 Comparison Mean Opinion Scores (CMOS) .....................449
11.4 Rhyme Tests................................................468
11.5 Outlook....................................................481
12 An Auditory Scene Analysis Approach to Monaural
Speech Segregation
G. Hu, D.L. Wang
12.1 Introduction ................................................485
12.2 Computational Auditory Scene Analysis........................488
12.3 Peripheral Analysis and Feature Extraction.....................490
12.4 Auditory Segmentation.......................................497
12.5 Voiced Speech Grouping......................................499
12.6 Unvoiced Speech Grouping ...................................503
12.7 Concluding Remarks.........................................508