Topical Directions of Informatics: In Memory of V. M. Glushkov PDF
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Springer Optimization and Its Applications 78 Ivan V. Sergienko Topical Directions of Informatics In Memory of V.M. Glushkov Springer Optimization and Its Applications VOLUME 78 Managing Editor Panos M. Pardalos (University of Florida) Editor–Combinatorial Optimization Ding-Zhu Du (University of Texas at Dallas) Advisory Board J. Birge (University of Chicago) C.A. Floudas (Princeton University) F. Giannessi (University of Pisa) H.D. Sherali (Virginia Polytechnic and State University) T. Terlaky (Lehigh University) Y. Ye (Stanford University) Aims and Scope Optimization has been expanding in all directions at an astonishing rate during the last few decades. New algorithmic and theoretical techniques have been developed, the diffusion into other disciplines has proceeded at a rapid pace, and our knowledge of all aspects of the field has grown even more profound. At the same time, one of the most striking trends in optimization is the constantly increasing emphasis on the interdisciplinary natureofthefield.Optimizationhasbeenabasictoolinallareasofapplied mathematics, engineering, medicine, economics, and other sciences. The series Springer Optimization and Its Applications publishes undergraduate and graduate textbooks, monographs and state-of-the-art expositoryworkthatfocusonalgorithmsforsolvingoptimizationproblems and also study applications involving such problems. Some of the topics covered include nonlinear optimization (convex and nonconvex), network flow problems, stochastic optimization, optimal control, discrete optimiza- tion, multiobjective programming, description of software packages, approximation techniques and heuristic approaches. For furthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7393 Ivan V. Sergienko Topical Directions of Informatics In Memory of V. M. Glushkov IvanV.Sergienko V.M.GlushkovCyberneticsInstitute NationalAcademyofSciencesofUkraine Kiev,Ukraine ISSN1931-6828 ISSN1931-6836(electronic) ISBN978-1-4939-0475-4 ISBN978-1-4939-0476-1(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-1-4939-0476-1 SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014933216 MathematicalSubjectClassification(2010):05C90,68R99,90C27,93A30,93A99 ©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter. ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) In cherished memory of the academician Victor Glushkov on the occasion of his 90th birthday. Preface The more time has passed since Viktor Mykhailovych Glushkov formulated the fundamental ideas of the evolution of cybernetics as a science (1950–1960), the moreconvincedwebecomethathewasafar-sightedscientist. Itisquiteobviousthatthemethodsofinformatics,includingcomputertechnol- ogies, made it possible to make a quantum leap in scientific and technological development. Any branch of science cannot do without computer technologies. Theyarenecessaryforresearchineconomics,biology,andmedicineaswellasfor the exploration of space or the world ocean. The Internet demonstrates the capa- bilities of computer technologies in the development of society. All of this was predicted by V. M. Glushkov, and that was the reason why he emphasized the necessityofdesigninghigh-performancecomputersandcomprehensivesoftware. The best years of Glushkov’s creative work are probably the years he spent at the Institute of Cybernetics, which now bears his name—at first on Lysogirs’ka St. and on Nauky Ave. and then in the district of Teremki in the scientific center built with his participation: from site selection and cornerstone laying to the voluntarySaturdayworkattheinstitute. Alongwiththathewasaccomplishingthemaintaskofformingandtrainingan efficientteamofyoungscientists.Hisskillsandabilitieswerewellknownamong scientists.AcademicianAnatoliiDorodnitsynwhowasthedirectoroftheComput- ingCenteroftheAcademyofSciencesoftheUSSR,thefirstcyberneticinstitution intheUSSR,alsoknewhimwellandnotonlyknewbutalsoassistedhimingaining hisskills,constantlyhelpedtheinstituteandGlushkov,andactivelysupportedallof hisideas. Thatwastimeofinspiration,timeofdeepthoughts,andtimeofimpetuousflight tothewell-realizedandclearlydefinedaim.Asweunderstandtoday,thataimwas wonderful. The scientist predicted (or felt) the direction of scientific and techno- logicaladvanceandplannedsomethingincrediblehalfacenturyago.Heplannedto move an enormous country, the Soviet Union, to new rails of development and easily drive into new era where progress will be provided with computer technologies. vii viii Preface The aim was exceedingly attractive, yet infeasible. Everybody hesitated to tell that to Viktor Glushkov. But if they had told him, he would hardly have listened tothem.Hedidn’twanttoknowthat. Every little step toward his goal was taken with huge efforts, at a heavy cost. Glushkovhadagreatexperienceinovercomingfatigue,andthefeelingoffrustra- tionanddiffidencewasinappropriateforhim. Regrettably, there were too little time to achieve such a goal and too many pitfalls. HelivedandworkedandwashappyinKyivfor25yearsand5months. Glushkov was not only a talented scientist but also a wonderful organizer. Therarecombinationofenergy,gift,andcourageproducedbrilliantconsequences, whichbecameamarkedeventnotonlyinthescientificlifeofUkraine.Hemanaged to interest the whole society in cybernetics. Scientist bravely and unconditionally assumedresponsibilityforoverallprojectsandnoblyworkedfortheirembodiment. Glushkov was not a lonely misunderstood genius. This character wasn’t good for him because it wasn’t convincing enough. His ideas were compelling and easily taken by others. N. M. Amosov, A. G. Ivakhnenko, O. I. Kukhtenko, V.S.Mikhalevich,I.I.Lyashko,K.L.Yushchenko,andothersmadeatracktothe futureinformativesocietysidebysidewithhim. Today it is very important to forget neither bad nor good, especially good, in ordernottowastethingsgainedhardlybypredecessorswhoareanunselfishtribeof romantics that stayed faithful to science under any circumstances. One cannot neglecttheirexperience. TheninetiethyearsincethebirthofViktorGlushkovispassingbyandthethirty- firstyearsincehisdemise.Hepassedawayleavingbehindalotofunrealizedideas. Everythingthathadbeenplannedinthescientist’sworkswasbeingdeveloped inmanyscientificcentersoftheworld. We are going to talk about things happened in the development of informatics in Ukraine, at the institutes of the Cybernetic Center and other scientific and educational centers of the country. Despite extremely unfavorable conditions for scientificworkinthelastfewyears,allbranchesofresearchhavebeensaved.Their resultsareknowninthescientificworldandillustratedinanumberofpublications. Let us concentrate our attention on single achievements of Ukrainian cyber- niticians that concern the evolution of programming theory, mathematical model- ingofcomplexprocesses,optimizationandcomputingmathematicstheory,design and use of computer technologies of various appropriations, design of computers, andvariousengineeringmeans. The author of this book and his colleagues worked under the direction of Glushkov for a long time since being students and could make sure that his ideas areeffective,andpredictionsaboutadistinguishedroleofcomputertechnologiesin the life of people are longsighted. Glushkov was giving a special attention to the necessityofdevelopingthetheoryofmathematicalmodelingofcomplexprocesses thatoccurineconomics,management,biology,soldiery,andotherfieldsofhuman activity. The last decades have witnessed dramatic scientific and technological achievements owing to computer technologies used in research of all mentioned Preface ix fieldsinvariouscountriesoftheworld.Fundamentalresultswerealsoobtainedby experts from the Cybernetic Center of the NAS of Ukraine as will be discussed further. Inthecourseofdevelopmentofvariouscomputertechnologies(CT)andinfor- mation technologies (IT), a special role of optimization methods and systems analysis in solving problems of different kinds (problems with continuous or discretevariables,problemswithstochasticvariables,problemswithacombination ofcontinuous,discrete,orrandomvariables)wasdefined. Thedevelopmentofefficienttechnologiesofdatacollectionandprocessingand the solution of problems of transcomputational complexity were made possible owing to the original results obtained by cyberneticians in the fields of modern computationalmathematics,probabilitytheory,andoptimizationtheoryandowing to the successful development of various approaches to solving data transfer and securityproblemsindatatransmissionsystemsanddatabases. In the last decades special attention has been given to the development of effective grid systems and telecommunication networks that makes it possible to makeefficientuseofcomputersandsupercomputersbydistantusers. Under the direction of Glushkov, a number of computers, complex data processing systems, and automated systems for controlling complex objects and processes were developed in our country. Propositions as to the creation of a nationalautomatedcontrolsystemwereformulatedandjustified.Manyotherpro- jects were completed. Most of them were the first in the USSR and were highly rated by experts and public bodies. Noteworthy are the following famous com- puters: “Kyiv,” “Dnipro,” “Promin,” and MIR computers; ES-1766 computing system; automated control systems “Lviv” and “Galvanik”; systems DISPLAN and PROEKT; etc. Most achievements in this field were marked with state prizes andvariousrewardsinourcountryandabroad. The Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics does much work to design and produce computers. In the last 10 years, several supercomputers were designed andputintooperation,suchasSCITandINPARKOMofvariousmodificationsand a number of original computer-based devices for studying complex processes in biology, medicine, agriculture, and various control systems and for collection and processing of data of various natures. Let us dwell on the recent works done inthisfield. The capacity of modern CT and IT is largely determined by the efficiency of their software. Since the beginning of computer science in Ukraine, considerable attentionhasbeengiventothedevelopmentofprogrammingtheory(andalgorith- miclanguages).Itisthisfieldthatwasofpriorityforcyberneticiansandwherethe worksofGlushkovandhisfollowerswerealwayspioneering.Theachievementsof the Ukrainian school of programming and approaches to automated design of computersandautomationsystemsofvariousclasseswillalsobediscussedbelow. Specialists of the Cybernetic Center institutes have developed many effective CTandIT.Someofthemwillbedetailedbelow.Inrecentyears,therehasbeena great contribution to their development by different organizations, including for-profitbusiness.
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