Tone and Accent in Oklahoma Cherokee

321 Pages·2016·22.392 MB·Oxford Studies of Endangered Languages

by  Hiroto Uchihara

OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,10/2/2016,SPi
Tone and Accent in Oklahoma Cherokee
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,10/2/2016,SPi
OXFORD STUDIES OF ENDANGERED LANGUAGES
GENERALEDITOR:StephenR.Anderson,YaleUniversity
ADVISORY EDITORS: W.F.H. Adelaar, University of Leiden; Peter Austin, School of
Oriental and African Studies; Jonathan David Bobaljik, University of Connecticut;
ClaireBowern,YaleUniversity;DavidBradley,LaTrobeUniversity;SandraChung,
University of California, Santa Cruz; Alice C. Harris, University of Massachusetts,
Amherst; K. David Harrison, Swarthmore College; Larry Hyman, University of
California, Berkeley; Christian Lehmann, University of Erfurt; Osahito Miyaoka,
Max PlanckInstitute forEvolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig;Pamela Munro, Uni-
versityofCalifornia,LosAngeles
PUBLISHED
KayardildMorphologyandSyntax
ErichR.Round
TheClause-TypingSystemofPlainsCree
Indexicality,Anaphoricity,andContrast
ClareCook
ToneandAccentinOklahomaCherokee
HirotoUchihara
INPREPARATION
Surmiran
ASwissRumantschLanguage
StephenR.Anderson
Archi
ComplexitiesofAgreementinCross-TheoreticalPerspective
EditedbyOliverBond,GrevilleG.Corbett,MarinaChumakina,
andDunstanBrown
HeadMarkinginYucatecMaya
ElisabethNorcliffe
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,10/2/2016,SPi
Tone and Accent in
Oklahoma Cherokee
HIROTO UCHIHARA
1
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,10/2/2016,SPi
3
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OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,10/2/2016,SPi
Contents
GeneralPreface xii
Preface xiv
ListofAbbreviations xvi
 Introduction 
. ToneandaccentinOklahomaCherokee 
. TheCherokeelanguage 
.. Geographiclocation 
.. Geneticaffiliation 
.. Speakersandvariation 
. Previousstudies 
. Databaseforthisstudy 
. Orthography 
.. Segmentalorthography 
... RepresentationofC+hclusters 
... Vowellength 
.. Conventionsforwritingtonesandaccents 
.. TheCherokeeSyllabary 
. Theoreticalassumptions 
. StructureofCherokee 
.. Theverb 
... Theverbbase 
... Aspectualsuffixes 
... Modalsuffixes 
... Reflexive/middleprefix 
... Pronominalprefixes 
... Pre-pronominalprefixes 
.. Thenoun 
.. Theadjective 
.. Stemalternations 
... LaryngealAlternation 
... Tonicity 
. Organizationofthebook 
 Segmentalinventory 
. Vowelphonemes 
.. Vowelquality 
.. Vowellength 
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,10/2/2016,SPi
vi Contents
. Consonantphonemes 
.. Plosives 
.. Affricates 
.. Fricatives 
.. Resonants 
.. Laryngealconsonants 
.. PhonologicalstatusoftheChsequences 
.. Internallycomplexsegments:c,kw,andtl 
... c 
... kw,tl 
. Word-finalvowels 
.. Word-finalvoweldeletion 
.. Toneandlengthoftheword-finalvowel 
 Phonotacticsandsyllablestructure 
. Phonotactics 
.. CCsequences 
... Oneofthemembershastobes,h,orʔ 
... SonoritySequencingPrinciple 
... RRandRTsequences 
.. CCCsequences 
.. CCCCsequences 
. Syllablestructure 
.. Onset 
.. Rhyme 
... Nucleus 
... Coda 
. Segmentalprocessesandconstraints 
.. VowelDeletionandh-Metathesis 
... VowelDeletion 
... h-Metathesis 
.. *VVʔ 
.. *Cʔ 
. Relevanceofthemoraandthesyllable 
.. Relevanceofthesyllable 
... Superhighassignment 
... Hassignment 
... ClosedSyllableShortening 
... Speakers’intuition 
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,10/2/2016,SPi
Contents vii
.. Relevanceofmora 
... TonebearingunitofHandH 
... *TROUGH 
.. Summary 
. Conclusion 
 Overviewofthetonesandaccents 
. ThetonalandaccentualinventoryofOklahomaCherokee 
.. Lowtone 
.. Hightone 
.. High–lowandlow–hightones 
.. Lowfalltone 
.. Superhigh 
.. Summary 
. Distributionoftones(tonotactics) 
.. Gaps 
.. Raresequences(–instances) 
.. Commonsequences(morethaninstances) 
. Conclusion 
 Lowfalltone 
. Fromaglottalstop 
. PronominalTonicLowering 
. Pronominalprefixbeginningwithii- 
. Conclusion 
 TonalphonologyofH 
. GeneralpropertiesofH 
. ObligatoryContourPrinciple 
.. HDeletion 
.. HDisplacement 
.. Summary 
. WhenHisoverriddenbyanothertone 
.. HDeletion 
.. HDisplacement 
.. Summary 
. FloatingH 
. HSpreading 
.. Introduction 
.. BlockingofHSpreading 
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,10/2/2016,SPi
viii Contents
... Precedingsyllableisshort 
... Precedingsyllablealreadyhasamarkedtone(MAX-T) 
... PrecedingsyllableisprecededbyanotherH(*TROUGH) 
... Domaineffect 
... Exceptions 
.. Summary 
. Conclusion 
 ThesourceofH 
. GlottalstopasthesourceofH 
.. Co-occurrenceofaglottalstopandH 
.. BlockingofLaryngealAlternation 
.. BlockingofVowelDeletion/h-Metathesis 
.. AttractionofH 
.. AlternationofHwithlowfalltone 
.. Comparativeevidence 
.. Summary 
. CaseswhereaglottalstopfailedtoinduceH 
.. GlottalgradeofLaryngealAlternation 
.. Tonicityandlexicalcategory 
... Tonicityofverbs 
... Nouns,adjectives 
.. Summary 
. Aconsequenceoftheanalysis:directionoftonespreading 
. Conclusion 
 HistoricalsourceofHalignment 
. HistoricalsourceofHalignment 
. Justificationfortheinternallyreconstructedforms 
.. Relativeorderofaglottalstopanditsadjacentconsonant 
.. Historicalvowellength 
. Illustrativeexamples 
.. Types(i),(ii),(*V(C)ʔ) 
.. Types(iii),(iv),(*VV(C)ʔ) 
.. Types(v),(vi),(*VʔC) 
.. Types(vii),(viii),(*VVʔC) 
. Conclusion 
 Hightoneonthefinalmoraofthestem(H) 
. PhonologicalpropertiesofH 
.. Directionofspreading 
.. Atonicforms 
.. BlockingofLaryngealAlternation 
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,10/2/2016,SPi
Contents ix
. Lexicalandmorphosyntacticconditionsdeterminingthe
presenceofH 
.. Lexicalconditions 
... Verbs 
... Nouns 
.. Morphosyntacticfunction:punctualformsofverbs 
. Conclusion 
 Floatinghightonefrompre-pronominalprefixes(H) 
. PhonologicalpropertiesofH 
.. Tone-bearingunit 
.. Directionofspreading 
.. Atonicforms 
.. BlockingofLaryngealAlternation 
. PositionofH 
.. VowellengthofthePPP 
... WhenthevowelofthePPPislong 
... WhenthevowelofthePPPisshortornon-existent 
... WhenthereismorethanonePPP 
... Summary:vowellengthofthePPP 
.. Presenceofanunderlyingvowel 
.. Presenceofaglottalstop 
.. Peculiarbehaviorsofpronominalprefixesbeginningwithii- 
.. PeculiarbehaviorsofCISLandNEG 
... Cislocative 
... Negative 
. BlockingofHassignment 
.. PPPswhichdonotassignH:RELandNEG(andsomePART) 
.. BlockingbyPronominalTonicLowering 
.. Blockingbysuperhighaccent 
.. Morphosyntacticcategories 
. CherokeefloatingHinabroadercontext 
.. Quantity-insensitiveiambicpitch-accent? 
.. InvisibilityoftheshortvowelofthePPP 
... ShortvowelofPPPisextrametrical 
... Againstanepenthesisanalysis 
... Againsta“weightless”analysis 
. Conclusion 
 Superhighaccent 
. Positionofthesuperhighaccent:default-to-opposite 
.. Basicprinciple:onthelastlongvowel 
.. Whenthereisnolongvowel 