Today's Technician: Automotive Electricity & Electronics, 5th

1298 Pages·2011·44.43 MB·English

by  Barry Hollembeak

Classroom Manual
for
Automotive Electricity
And Electronics
Fifth Edition
Barry Hollembeak
Australia • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Today’s Technician™: Automotive Electricity © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
and Electronics, 5th Edition
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Barry Hollembeak
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1 2 3 4 5 X X 12 11 10
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
Chapter 1 Introduction to Automotive Electrical
and Electronic Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
• Introduction 1 • Why Become an Electrical System Technician? 1 • Th e Role of Electricity in
the Automobile 2 • Introduction to the Electrical Systems 2 • Summary 14 • Terms to Know 14
• Review Questions 15 • Multiple Choice 15
Chapter 2 Basic Theories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
• Introduction 17 • Basics of Electron Flow 17 • Electricity Defi ned 20 • Electrical Laws 24 • Types
of Current 27 • Electrical Circuits 28 • Kirchhoff ’s Laws 39 • Capacitance 41 • Magnetism
Principles 43 • Th eory of Induction 46 • EMI Suppression 47 • Summary 48 • Terms to Know 48
• Review Questions 49 • Multiple Choice 49
Chapter 3 Electrical and Electronic C omponents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
• Introduction 51 • Electrical Components 51 • Electronic Components 59 • Circuit Protection
Devices 70 • Circuit Defects 75 • Summary 78 • Terms to Know 78 • Review Questions 79
• Multiple Choice 80
Chapter 4 Wiring and C ircuit Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
• Introduction 82 • Automotive Wiring 82 • Wiring Diagrams 93 • Summary 104 • Terms
to Know 105 • Review Questions 105 • Multiple Choice 106
Chapter 5 Automotive Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
• Introduction 108 • Conventional Batteries 110 • Maintenance-Free Batteries 115 • Hybrid
Batteries 117 • Recombination Batteries 118 • High-Voltage Batteries 120 • Ultra-Capacitors 125
• Battery Terminals 125 • Battery Ratings 126 • Battery Cables 127 • Battery Holddowns 128
• Summary 129 • Terms to Know 130 • Review Questions 131 • Multiple Choice 131
Chapter 6 Starting Systems and Motor Designs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
• Introduction 133 • Direct-Current Motor Principles 133 • Dc Motor Field Winding Designs 138
• Starter Drives 142 • Cranking Motor Circuits 144 • Starter Control Circuit Components 144
• Cranking Motor Designs 152 • AC Motor Principles 156 • Integrated Starter Generator 161
• Summary 163 • Terms to Know 163 • Review Questions 164 • Multiple Choice 165
Chapter 7 Charging Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
• Introduction 166 • Principle of Operation 167 • AC Generators 169 • AC Generator Circuits 179
• AC Generator Operation Overview 180 • Regulation 183 • Charging Indicators 191 • AC Generator
Design Diff erences 193 • HEV Charging Systems 201 • Summary 205 • Terms to Know 206 • Review
Questions 206 • Multiple Choice 207
Chapter 8 Lighting Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208
• Introduction 208 • Lamps 209 • Headlights 210 • Headlight Switches 214 • Concealed
Headlights 217 • Flash to Pass 220 • Exterior Lights 220 • Interior Lights 235 • Summary 237
• Terms to Know 237 • Review Questions 238 • Multiple Choice 239
iii
Contents
Chapter 9 Introduction to the Body Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240
• Introduction 240 • Computer Functions 240 • Analog and Digital Principles 241
• Microprocessor 245 • Computer Memory 245 • Information Processing 248 • High-Side and
Low-Side Drivers 253 • Outputs 254 • Summary 257 • Terms to Know 257 • Review Questions 258
• Multiple Choice 259
Chapter 10 Computer Inputs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260
• Introduction 260 • Th ermistors 261 • Pressure Sensors 264 • Position and Motion Detection
Sensors 268 • Switch Inputs 277 • Feedback Signals 279 • Summary 279 • Terms to Know 280
• Review Questions 281 • Multiple Choice 281
Chapter 11 Vehicle C ommunication Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283
• Introduction 283 • Multiplexing Communication Protocols 284 • Multiplexing Systems 286
• Supplemental Data Bus Networks 297 • Summary 302 • Terms to Know 302 • Review
Questions 303 • Multiple Choice 304
Chapter 12 Advanced Lighting Circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305
• Introduction 305 • Computer-Controlled Concealed Headlights 305 • Computer-Controlled
Headlight Systems 307 • Automatic On/Off with Time Delay 309 • Automatic Headlight
Dimming 313 • Headlight Leveling 318 • Adaptive Headlights 318 • Daytime Running Lamps 320
• Adaptive Brake Lights 322 • Illuminated Entry Systems 323 • Instrument Panel Dimming 324
• Fiber Optics 326 • Lamp Outage Indicators 327 • Summary 331 • Terms to Know 331 • Review
Questions 332 • Multiple Choice 332
Chapter 13 Instrumentation and Warning Lamps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334
• Introduction 334 • Electromechanical Gauges 335 • Quartz Analog Instrumentation 339 • Gauge
Sending Units 341 • Digital Instrumentation 342 • Head-Up Display 349 • Travel Information
Systems 350 • Warning Lamps 353 • Summary 355 • Terms to Know 355 •Review Questions 355
• Multiple Choice 356
Chapter 14 Accessories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358
• Introduction 358 • Horns 359 • Windshield Wipers 363 • Computer-Operated Wipers 374
• Intelligent Windshield Wipers 375 • Washer Pumps 376 • Blower Motor Circuits 379 • Electric
Defoggers 382 • Power Mirrors 383 • Power Windows 386 • Power Seats 389 • Memory Seats 392
• Power Door Locks 394 • Automatic Door Locks 398 • Keyless Entry 399 • Antitheft Systems 404
• Immobilizer Systems 407 • Electronic Cruise Control Systems 409 • Electronic Sunroof
Concepts 412 • Electronic Heated Windshield 417 • Vehicle Audio Entertainment Systems 422
• DVD Systems 428 • Hands-Free Cellular Telephone 429 • Navigation Systems 430 • Summary 431
• Terms to Know 431 • Review Questions 432 • Multiple Choice 433
Chapter 15 Passive Restraint Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .434
• Introduction 434 • Passive Seat Belt Systems 435 • Air Bag Systems 438 • Air Bag Deployment 444
• Air Bag Warning Lamp 445 • Passenger-Side Air Bags 445 • Hybrid Air Bag Types 446 • Multistage
Air Bag Deployment 447 • Side-Impact Air Bags 448 • Air Bag On/Off Switches 450 • Seat Belt
Pretensioners 453 • Infl atable Knee Blockers 454 • Occupant Classifi cation Systems 454
• Summary 459 • Terms to Know 460 • Review Questions 460 • Multiple Choice 461
iv
Contents
Chapter 16 Vehicles with A lternative P ower Sources . . . . . . . . . . .463
• Introduction 463 • Electric Vehicles 463 • Hybrid Vehicles 465 • 42-Volt Systems 470
• Fuel Cells 476 • Summary 483 • Terms to Know 483 • Review Questions 484 • Multiple Choice 485
Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .487
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .515
v
Preface
Th anks to the support the Today’s TechnicianTM series has received from those who teach
automotive technology, Delmar Cengage Learning, the leader in automotive related textbooks,
is able to live up to its promise to provide new editions of the series every few years. We have
listened and responded to our critics and our fans and present this new updated and revised
fi fth edition. By revising this series on a regular basis, we can respond to changes in the
industry, changes in technology, changes in the certifi cation process, and to the ever-changing
needs of those who teach automotive technology.
We also listened to instructors when they said something was missing or incomplete in the
last edition. We responded to those and the results are included in this fi fth edition.
Th e Today’s TechnicianTM series, by Delmar Cengage, features textbooks that cover all
mechanical and electrical systems of automobiles and light trucks. Principally the individual
titles correspond to the certifi cation areas for 2009 areas of ASE (National Institute for
Automotive Service Excellence) certifi cation.
Additional titles include remedial skills and theories common to all of the certifi cation areas
and advanced or specifi c subject areas that refl ect the latest technological trends.
Th is new edition, like the last, was designed to give students a chance to develop the same
skills and gain the same knowledge that today’s successful technician has. Th is edition also
refl ects the changes in the guidelines established by the National Automotive Technicians
Education Foundation (NATEF) in 2008.
Th e purpose of NATEF is to evaluate technician training programs against standards developed
by the automotive industry and recommend qualifying programs for certifi cation (accreditation)
by ASE. Programs can earn ASE certifi cation upon the recommendation of NATEF. NATEF’s
national standards refl ect the skills that students must master. ASE certifi cation through NATEF
evaluation ensures that certifi ed training programs meet or exceed industry-recognized,
uniform standards of excellence.
Th e technician of today and for the future must know the underlying theory of all automotive
systems and be able to service and maintain those systems. Dividing the material into two
volumes, a Classroom Manual and a Shop Manual, provides the reader with the information
needed to begin a successful career as an automotive technician without interrupting the
learning process by mixing cognitive and performance learning objectives into one volume.
Th e design of Delmar’s Today’s TechnicianTM series was based on features that are known to
promote improved student learning. Th e design was further enhanced by a careful study of
survey results, in which the respondents were asked to value particular features. Some of these
features can be found in other textbooks, while others are unique to this series.
Each Classroom Manual contains the principles of operation for each system and subsystem.
Th e Classroom Manual also contains discussions on design variations of key components
used by the diff erent vehicle manufacturers. It also looks into emerging technologies that
will be standard or optional features in the near future. Th is volume is organized to build
upon basic facts and theories. Th e primary objective of this volume is to allow the reader to
gain an understanding of how each system and subsystem operates. Th is understanding is
necessary to diagnose the complex automobiles of today and tomorrow. Although the basics
contained in the Classroom Manual provide the knowledge needed for diagnostics, diagnostic
procedures appear only in the Shop Manual. An understanding of the underlying theories is
also a requirement for competence in the skill areas covered in the Shop Manual.
vi
Preface
A coil ring—bound Shop Manual covers the “how-to’s.” Th is volume includes step-by-step
instructions for diagnostic and repair procedures. Photo Sequences are used to illustrate
some of the common service procedures. Other common procedures are listed and are
accompanied with fi ne line drawings and photos that allow the reader to visualize and
conceptualize the fi nest details of the procedure. Th is volume also contains the reasons for
performing the procedures, as well as when that particular service is appropriate.
Th e two volumes are designed to be used together and are arranged in corresponding
chapters. Not only are the chapters in the volumes linked together, the contents of the
chapters are also linked. Th is linking of content is evidenced by marginal callouts that refer
the reader to the chapter and page that the same topic is addressed in the other volume. Th is
feature is valuable to instructors. Without this feature, users of other two-volume textbooks
must search the index or table of contents to locate supporting information in the other
volume. Th is is not only cumbersome, but also creates additional work for an instructor
when planning the presentation of material and when making reading assignments. It is also
valuable to the students, with the page references they also know exactly where to look for
supportive information.
Both volumes contain clear and thoughtfully selected illustrations. Many of which are original
drawings or photos specially prepared for inclusion in this series. Th is means that the art is a
vital part of each textbook and not merely inserted to increase the numbers of illustrations.
Th e page layout, used in the series, is designed to include information that would otherwise
break up the fl ow of information presented to the reader. Th e main body of the text includes all
of the “need-to-know” information and illustrations. In the wide side margins of each page are
many of the special features of the series. Items that are truly “nice-to-know” information such
as simple examples of concepts just introduced in the text, explanations or defi nitions of terms
that are not defi ned in the text, examples of common trade jargon used to describe a part
or operation, and exceptions to the norm are explained in the text. Th is type of information
is placed in the margin, out of the normal fl ow of information. Many textbooks attempt to
include this type of information and insert it in the main body of text; this tends to interrupt
the thought process and cannot be pedagogically justifi ed. By placing this information off to
the side of the main text, the reader can select when to refer to it.
Highlights of this Edition—Classroom Manual
Upon opening the covers of the 5th Edition of Today’s Technician Automotive Electricity and
Electronics, you will immediately notice the use of colored photos and illustrations that greatly
enhance the visual quality of the text and the learning experience of the student. Th e text
layout has also been improved for easier reader comprehension.
Not only does the textbook have a fresh look, the text of the 5th Edition was updated
throughout to include the latest developments. Although chapter 16 covers details associated
with alternate powered vehicles, all pertinent information about hybrid vehicles is included in
the main text that concerns relative topics. For example, the discussion of batteries in Chapter
5 includes coverage of HEV batteries and ultra-capacitors. Chapter 6 now includes AC motor
principles and the operation of the integrated starter/generator. Chapter 7 includes the HEV
charging system including regenerative braking and the DC/DC converter.
Th e fl ow of basic electrical to more complex electronic systems has been maintained.
Rearrangement of chapters has been utilized to enhance this fl ow and reduce redundancy.
vii
Preface
Chapter 1 introduces the student to the automotive electrical and electronic systems with a
general overview. Th is chapter emphasizes the interconnectivity of systems in today’s vehicles,
and describes the purpose and location of the subsystems, as well as the major components of
the system and subsystems. Th e goal of this chapter is to establish a basic understanding for
students to base their learning on. All systems and subsystems that are discussed in detail later
in the text are introduced and their primary purpose described. Th e second chapter covers the
underlying basic theories of electricity and now includes discussion of Kirchoff ’s laws. Th is is
valuable to the student and the instructor because it covers the theories that other textbooks
assume the reader knows. All related basic electrical theories are covered in this chapter.
Chapter 3 applies those theories to the operation of electrical and electronic components,
and Chapter 4 covers wiring and the proper use of wiring diagrams. Emphasis is on using the
diagrams to determine how the system works and how to use the diagram to isolate the problem.
Th e chapters that follow cover the major components of automotive electrical and electronic
systems, such as batteries, starting systems and motor designs, charging systems, and basic
lighting systems. Th is is followed by chapters that detail the functions of the body computer,
input components, and vehicle communication networks. From here the student is guided into
specifi c systems that utilize computer functions.
Current electrical and electronic systems are used as examples throughout the text. Most of
these systems are discussed in detail. Th is includes computer-controlled interior and exterior
lighting, night vision, adaptive lights, instrumentation, and electrical/electronic accessories.
Coverage includes intelligent wiper, immobilizer, and adaptive cruise control systems to name
a few. Chapter 15 details the passive restraint systems currently used.
Jack Erjavec
Highlights of this Edition—Shop Manual
Like the Classroom Manual, the Shop Manual has a new layout with color photographs and
illustrations. Th e Shop Manual was updated to match current trends. Service information
related to the new topics covered in the Classroom Manual is included in this manual. In
addition, several new photo sequences were added. Th e purpose of these detailed photos is to
show students what to expect when they perform the same procedure. Th ey also help familiarize
students with a system or type of equipment they may not be able to encounter at their school.
Although the main purpose of the textbook is not to prepare someone to successfully pass an
ASE exam, all the information required to do so is included in the textbook.
To stress the importance of safe work habits, Chapter 1 is dedicated to safety, and has been
updated to include general HEV safety. As with the Classroom Manual, HEV system diagnosis
is included within the main text. Th is provides the student with knowledge of safe system
diagnosing procedures so they know what to expect as they further their training in this area.
Included in this chapter are common shop hazards, safe shop practices, safety equipment, and
the legislation concerning and the safe handling of hazardous materials and wastes.
Chapter 2 covers special tools and procedures. Th is chapter now includes the use of isolation
meters and expanded coverage of scan tools. In addition, a section on what it entails to be an
electrical systems technician has been added. Th is section covers relationships, completing the
viii
Preface
work order and ASE certifi cation. Another section was added to emphasize the importance of
proper diagnostic procedures.
Chapter 3 leads the student through basic troubleshooting and service. Th is includes the use
of various test equipment to locate circuit defects and how to test electrical and electronic
components. Chapter 4 provides experience with wiring repairs along with extended coverage
and exercises on using the wiring diagrams.
Th e remainder of the chapters has been thoroughly updated. Redundancy between the
Classroom Manual and the Shop Manual has been reduced; the only time theory is discussed
again is if it is necessary to explain the diagnostic results or as an explanation of the symptom.
Th e Shop Manual is cross-referenced to the Classroom Manual by the use of marginal notes.
Th is provides the benefi t to the student of being able to quickly reference the theory of the
component or system that they are now working with.
Currently accepted service procedures are used as examples throughout the text. Th ese
procedures also served as the basis for new job sheets that are included in the Shop Manual
chapters.
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