Tocqueville on America After 1840: Letters and Other Writings

578 Pages·2009·3.628 MB·English

by  Alexis de Tocqueville, Aurelian Craiutu, Jeremy Jennings

TOCQUEVILLEONAMERICAAFTER1840
AlexisdeTocqueville’sDemocracyinAmericahasbeenrecognizedasanindispens-
ablestartingpointforunderstandingAmericanpolitics.Fromthepublicationof
the second volume in 1840 until his death in 1859, Tocqueville continued to
monitorpoliticaldevelopmentsinAmericaandcommittedmanyofhisthoughts
topaperinletterstohisfriendsinAmerica.Healsomadefrequentreferences
toAmericainmanyarticlesandspeeches.DidTocquevillechangehisviewson
AmericaoutlinedinthetwovolumesofDemocracyinAmericapublishedin1835
and1840?Ifso,whichofhisviewschangedandwhy?ThetextstranslatedinToc-
quevilleonAmericaafter1840:LettersandOtherWritingsanswerthesequestionsand
offer English-speaking readers the possibility of familiarizing themselves with
thisundulyneglectedpartofTocqueville’swork.Thebookpointsoutaclearshift
in emphasis especially after 1852 and documents Tocqueville’s growing disen-
chantmentwithAmerica,triggeredbysuchissuesaspoliticalcorruption,slavery,
expansionism,andtheencroachmentoftheeconomicsphereuponthepolitical.
AurelianCraiutuisAssociateProfessorintheDepartmentofPoliticalScienceat
IndianaUniversity,Bloomington.HereceivedhisPh.D.inpoliticaltheoryfrom
PrincetonUniversityin1999andwasthe2000winneroftheAmericanPolitical
ScienceAssociation’sLeoStraussAwardforthebestdissertationinthefieldof
political philosophy. Craiutu’s Liberalism under Siege: The Political Thought of the
FrenchDoctrinaireswona2004CHOICEOutstandingAcademicTitleAward;a
revisedandenlargedversionofthebookwaspublishedinFrenchasLeCentre
introuvable(2006).ProfessorCraiutuhasalsoeditedseveralvolumes,including
Guizot‘s History of the Origins of Representative Government in Europe, Madame de
Stae¨l’s Considerations on the Principal Events of the French Revolution, Conversations
withTocqueville:TheGlobalDemocraticRevolutionintheTwenty-FirstCentury (with
SheldonGellar),andAmericathroughEuropeanEyes(withJeffreyC.Isaac).
Jeremy Jennings is Professor of Political Theory at Queen Mary, University
of London, having previously held posts at the universities of Swansea and
Birmingham(UK).HereceivedhisD.Phil.fromtheUniversityofOxford.In
2007,hewasmadeaChevalierintheOrdredesPalmesAcade´miquesforservices
renderedtoFrenchculture.ProfessorJenningshaspublishedextensivelyonthe
history of political thought in France, the role of intellectuals in politics, and
thehistoryofsocialism.In2002,hepublishedaneweditionofGeorgesSorel’s
ReflectionsonViolence and, in 2005, co-edited a volume entitled Republicanismin
Theory and Practice. He has recently published articles in the American Political
Science Review, Review of Politics, Journal of Political Ideologies, and Journal of the
HistoryofIdeas.
Published online by Cambridge University Press
Published online by Cambridge University Press
TOCQUEVILLE on AMERICA after 1840
Letters and Other Writings
(cid:1)
Editedandtranslated,with aninterpretativeessayandnotes,by
Aurelian Craiutu
IndianaUniversity,Bloomington
Jeremy Jennings
QueenMaryUniversityofLondon
Published online by Cambridge University Press
CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESS
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(cid:1)c AurelianCraiutuandJeremyJennings2009
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2009
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationdata
Tocqueville,Alexisde,1805–1859.
[Selections.English.2009]
TocquevilleonAmericaafter1840:lettersandotherwritings/editedby
AurelianCraiutu,JeremyJennings.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-521-85955-4(hardback)–ISBN978-0-521-67683-0(pbk.)
1.UnitedStates–Politicsandgovernment–1841–1845. 2.UnitedStates–Politicsand
government–1845–1861. 3.Tocqueville,Alexisde,1805–1859–Correspondence.
I.Craiutu,Aurelian,1966– II.Jennings,Jeremy,1952– III.Title.
JK216.T71915 2009
320.973–dc22 2008031330
ISBN 978-0-521-85955-4hardback
ISBN 978-0-521-67683-0paperback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor
accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtoin
thispublicationanddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchWebsitesis,
orwillremain,accurateorappropriate.Informationregardingprices,travel
timetables,andotherfactualinformationgiveninthisworkarecorrectat
thetimeoffirstprinting,butCambridgeUniversityPressdoesnotguarantee
theaccuracyofsuchinformationthereafter.
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Contents
Editors’NoteandAcknowledgments pagexiii
InterpretativeEssay:TheThirdDemocracy:Tocqueville’sViewsof
Americaafter1840 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
PART I: LETTERS
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
A. Letters:1840–1847 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
1. JaredSparkstoAlexisdeTocqueville,September5,1840 52
2. AlexisdeTocquevilletoJaredSparks,October13,1840 53
3. JohnC.SpencertoAlexisdeTocqueville,November21,1840 53
4. AlexisdeTocquevilletoJaredSparks,December16,1840 54
5. S.C.GoodrichtoAlexisdeTocqueville,June16,1841 55
6. A.W.PaulltoAlexisdeTocqueville,September30,1841 55
7. IsaiahTownsendtoAlexisdeTocqueville,November2,1841 57
8. AlexisdeTocquevilletoJohnC.Spencer,November10,1841 58
9. FrancisLiebertoAlexisdeTocqueville,June30,1842 60
10. AlexisdeTocquevilletoFrancisLieber,August14,1842 61
11. AlexisdeTocquevilletoNathanielNiles,June15,1843 62
12. RobertWalshtoAlexisdeTocqueville,December9,1843 63
13. RobertWalshtoAlexisdeTocqueville,December13,1843 64
14. AlexisdeTocquevilletoFrancisLieber,April22,1844 65
15. AlexisdeTocquevilletoRobertWalsh,July27,1844 65
16. AlexisdeTocquevilletoH.Wheaton,1844–1845 66
17. AlexisdeTocquevilletoFrancisLieber,September18,1844 67
18. FrancisLiebertoAlexisdeTocqueville,November7,1844 68
19. AlexisdeTocquevilletoFrancisLieber,November13,1844 70
20. FrancisLiebertoAlexisdeTocqueville,November26,1844 72
21. AlexisandMariedeTocquevilletoFrancisLieber,December2,
1844 75
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vi Contents
22. AlexisdeTocquevilletoFrancisLieber,December14,1844 77
23. MariedeTocquevilletoFrancisLieber,January8,1845 78
24. AlexisandMariedeTocquevilletoFrancisLieber,May18,1845 80
25. AlexisdeTocquevilletoFrancisLieber,July1,1845 81
26. RobertWalshtoAlexisdeTocqueville,February6,1846 82
27. AlexisdeTocquevilletoB.P.Poore,April6,1846 82
28. IsaiahTownsendtoAlexisdeTocqueville,June13,1846 83
29. AlexisandMariedeTocquevilletoFrancisLieber,July22,1846 84
30. AlexisdeTocquevilletoRobertWalsh,August20,1846 86
31. FrancisLiebertoAlexisdeTocqueville,September25,1846 87
32. AlexisdeTocquevilletoCharlesSumner,August6,1847 90
33. CharlesSumnertoAlexisdeTocqueville,September15,1847 91
B. Letters:1848–1852 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
34. RichardRushtoAlexisdeTocqueville,May27,1848 93
35. JohnC.SpencertoAlexisdeTocqueville,June10,1848 93
36. W.A.DuertoAlexisdeTocqueville,July1,1848 96
37. AlexisdeTocquevilletoGeorgeSumner,October14,1848 98
38. AlexisdeTocquevilletoGeorgeSumner,January16,1849 98
39. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardEverett,March6,1849 99
40. AlexisdeTocquevilletoFrancisLieber,March7,1849 99
41. AlexisdeTocquevilletoGeorgeSumner,March9,1849 100
42. AlexisdeTocquevilletoGeorgeSumner,March12,1849 100
43. EdwardEveretttoAlexisdeTocqueville,May12,1849 100
44. RichardRushtoAlexisdeTocqueville,June7,1849 103
45. AlexisdeTocquevilletoGeorgeBancroft,June15,1849 103
46. AlexisdeTocquevilletoRichardRush,June27,1849 104
47. RichardRushtoAlexisdeTocqueville,July8,1849 104
48. RichardRushtoAlexisdeTocqueville,July31,1849 105
49. RichardRushtoAlexisdeTocqueville,August4,1849 105
50. AlexisdeTocquevilletoRichardRush,(August)1849 106
51. AlexisdeTocquevilletoRichardRush,August8,1849 106
52. AlexisdeTocquevilletoRichardRush,Mondaymorning(August),
1849 107
53. RichardRushtoAlexisdeTocqueville,September10,1849 107
54. RichardRushtoAlexisdeTocqueville,September14,1849 108
55. RichardRushtoAlexisdeTocqueville,October3,1849 108
56. AlexisdeTocquevilletoRichardRush,October5,1849 109
57. RichardRushtoAlexisdeTocqueville,October6,1849 109
58. AlexisdeTocquevilletoRichardRush,October10,1849 110
59. W.W.ManntoAlexisdeTocqueville,November23,1849(followed
byanoteofManntoA.deTocqueville,November27,1849) 111
60. GeorgeSumnertoAlexisdeTocqueville,Sunday,4(December1849) 112
61. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardEverett,December12,1849 112
62. AlexisdeTocquevilletoGeorgeBancroft,December12,1849 113
63. EdwardEveretttoAlexisdeTocqueville,January8,1850 113
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Contents vii
64. AlexisdeTocquevilletoGeorgeBancroft,February15,1850 114
65. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardEverett,February15,1850 115
66. EdwardEveretttoAlexisdeTocqueville,March29,1850 116
67. JohnC.SpencertoAlexisdeTocqueville,July3,1850 118
68. GeorgeBancrofttoAlexisdeTocqueville,October14,1850 118
69. GeorgeBancrofttoAlexisdeTocqueville,June13,1851 119
70. W.W.ManntoAlexisdeTocqueville,June28,1851 119
71. AlexisdeTocquevilletoW.W.Mann,July2,1851 120
72. W.W.ManntoAlexisdeTocqueville,July12,1851 120
73. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardEverett,August5,1851 121
74. AlexisdeTocquevilletoRichardRush,August6,1851 122
75. MauriceWakermantoAlexisdeTocqueville,November29,1851 123
76. EdwardEveretttoAlexisdeTocqueville,March15,1852 125
77. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardEverett,April16,1852 127
78. EdwardEveretttoAlexisdeTocqueville,May11,1852 129
79. TheodoreSedgwicktoAlexisdeTocqueville,May20,1852 130
80. EdwardVernonChildetoAlexisdeTocqueville,July9,1852 131
81. AlexisdeTocquevilletoFrancisLieber,August4,1852 132
82. GeorgeSumnertoAlexisdeTocqueville,August10,1852 134
83. AlexisdeTocquevilletoTheodoreSedgwick,December4,1852 136
84. GeorgeSumnertoAlexisdeTocqueville,December8,1852 137
85. AlexisdeTocquevilletoJaredSparks,December11,1852 139
86. AlexisdeTocquevilletoJaredSparks,December11,1852 140
C. Letters:1853–1856 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
87. TheodoreSedgwicktoAlexisdeTocqueville,January31,1853 142
88. AlexisdeTocquevilletoTheodoreSedgwick,[May8?],1853 143
89. JaredSparkstoAlexisdeTocqueville,June13,1853 144
90. FrancisLiebertoAlexisdeTocqueville,September29,1853 145
91. FrancisKiddertoAlexisdeTocqueville,October,1853 146
92. AlexisdeTocquevilletoTheodoreSedgwick,November7,1853 147
93. AlexVancetoAlexisdeTocqueville,November10,1853 148
94. TheodoreSedgwicktoAlexisdeTocqueville,December1,1853 149
95. AlexisdeTocquevilletoTheodoreSedgwick,January4,1854 152
96. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardVernonChilde,January15,1854 153
97. FrancisLiebertoAlexisdeTocqueville,March12,1854 154
98. HenryD.GilpintoAlexisdeTocqueville,May30,1854 157
99. AlexisdeTocquevilletoTheodoreSedgwick,July17,1854 157
100. TheodoreSedgwicktoAlexisdeTocqueville,July20,1854 159
101. AlexisdeTocquevilletoTheodoreSedgwick,August14,1854 160
102. FrancisLiebertoAlexisdeTocqueville,September4,1854 161
103. AlexisdeTocquevilletoTheodoreSedgwick,September4,1855 162
104. AlexisdeTocquevilletoTheodoreSedgwick,September11,1855 163
105. AlexisdeTocquevilletoTheodoreSedgwick,September19,1855 164
106. TheodoreSedgwicktoAlexisdeTocqueville,February15,1856 166
107. TheodoreSedgwicktoAlexisdeTocqueville,March5,1856 167
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viii Contents
108. TheodoreSedgwicktoAlexisdeTocqueville,March23,1856 168
109. TheodoreSedgwicktoAlexisdeTocqueville,March29,1856 168
110. AlexisdeTocquevilletoTheLibertyBell,April1856 169
111. AlexisdeTocquevilletoTheodoreSedgwick,May18,1856 169
112. TheodoreSedgwicktoAlexisdeTocqueville,May21,1856 171
113. AlexisdeTocquevilletoTheodoreSedgwick,May23,1856 172
114. TheodoreSedgwicktoAlexisdeTocqueville,May28,1856 172
115. AlexisdeTocquevilletoTheodoreSedgwick,June6,1856 173
116. AlexisdeTocquevilletoTheodoreSedgwick,June16,1856 174
117. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardVernonChilde,(endof)June1856 176
118. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardLeeChilde,(endof)June1856 176
119. AlexisdeTocquevilletoTheodoreSedgwick,July1856 177
120. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardLeeChilde,July17,1856 179
121. TheodoreSedgwicktoAlexisdeTocqueville,July29,1856 180
122. AlexisdeTocquevilletoTheodoreSedgwick,August29,1856 181
123. AlexisdeTocquevilletoFrancisLieber,September1,1856 183
124. TheodoreSedgwicktoAlexisdeTocqueville,September19,1856 185
125. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardVernonChilde,September24,1856 186
126. AlexisdeTocquevilletoTheodoreSedgwick,October14,1856 187
127. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardVernonChilde,December12,1856 189
D. Letters:1857–1859 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
128. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardLeeChilde,January4,1857 192
129. AlexisdeTocquevilletoTheodoreSedgwick,January10,1857 195
130. EdwardVernonChildetoAlexisdeTocqueville,January13,1857 196
131. TheodoreSedgwicktoAlexisdeTocqueville,February5,1857 199
132. N.W.BeckwithtoAlexisdeTocqueville,February20,1857 201
133. EdwardVernonChildetoAlexisdeTocqueville,February22,1857 214
134. GeorgeSumnertoAlexisdeTocqueville,March4,1857 219
135. EdwardLeeChildetoAlexisdeTocqueville,March27,1857 219
136. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardVernonChilde,April2,1857 222
137. AlexisdeTocquevilletoTheodoreSedgwick,April13,1857 225
138. AlexisdeTocquevilletoCharlesSumner,May1,1857 228
139. EdwardVernonChildetoAlexisdeTocqueville,May2,1857 228
140. FrancisLiebertoAlexisdeTocqueville,May30,1857 231
141. AlexisdeTocquevilletoWilliamH.Prescott,June6,1857 233
142. GeorgeTicknortoAlexisdeTocqueville,June10,1857 233
143. AlexisdeTocquevilletoMassachusettsHistoricalSociety,
[June]1857 234
144. AlexisdeTocquevilletoTheodoreSedgwick,June13,1857 234
145. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardEverett,June17,1857 236
146. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardVernonChilde,July7,1857 237
147. SusanSedgwicktoAlexisdeTocqueville,July11,1857 239
148. AlexisdeTocquevilletoJaredSparks,July15,1857 240
149. EdwardVernonChildetoAlexisdeTocqueville,July16,1857 241
150. AlexisdeTocquevilletoCharlesSumner,July1857 245
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Contents ix
151. CharlesSumnertoAlexisdeTocqueville,August4,1857 246
152. MariaWestonChapmantoAlexisdeTocqueville,August7,1857 246
153. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardVernonChilde,September2,1857 247
154. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardLeeChilde,September12,1857 250
155. N.W.BeckwithtoAlexisdeTocqueville,September20,1857 251
156. CharlesJ.IngersolltoAlexisdeTocqueville,September22,1857 258
157. WilliamH.PrescotttoAlexisdeTocqueville,September29,1857 258
158. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardLeeChilde,October8,1857 259
159. AlexisdeTocquevilletoFrancisLieber,October9,1857 260
160. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardLeeChilde,October13,1857 262
161. AlexisdeTocquevilletoSusanSedgwick,October30,1857 262
162. CharlesSumnertoAlexisdeTocqueville,November3,1857 263
163. AlexisdeTocquevilletoCharlesSumner,November14,1857 264
164. HenryP.TappantoAlexisdeTocqueville,November14,1857 265
165. TheodoreSedgwicktoAlexisdeTocqueville,December6,1857 267
166. EdwardEveretttoAlexisdeTocqueville,December8,1857 269
167. N.W.BeckwithtoAlexisdeTocqueville,December18,[1857?] 270
168. AlexisdeTocquevilletoTheodoreSedgwick,December24,1857 278
169. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardVernonChilde,January23,1858 280
170. AlexisdeTocquevilletoN.W.Beckwith,February6,1858 282
171. TheodoreSedgwicktoAlexisdeTocqueville,February15,1858 284
172. AlexisdeTocquevilletoCharlesSumner,March28,1858 285
173. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardLeeChilde,April10,1858 287
174. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardLeeChilde,April30,1858 288
175. CharlesSumnertoAlexisdeTocqueville,May7,1858 288
176. AlexisdeTocquevilletoTheodoreSedgwick,May28,1858 290
177. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardLeeChilde,July6,1858 291
178. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardLeeChilde,July19,1858 292
179. AlexisdeTocquevilletoN.W.Beckwith,September7,1858 294
180. AlexisdeTocquevilletoJohnYoungMason,September21,1858 297
181. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardLeeChilde,October11,1858 297
182. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardLeeChilde,October15,1858 298
183. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardLeeChilde,October19,1858 298
184. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardLeeChilde,December4,1858 299
185. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardLeeChilde,December11,1858 300
186. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardLeeChilde,December22,1858 301
187. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardLeeChilde,December26,1858 302
188. JaredSparkstoAlexisdeTocqueville,December28,1858 303
189. RichardWalshtoAlexisdeTocqueville,January11,1859 304
190. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardLeeChilde,February4,1859 305
191. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardLeeChilde,February8,1859 306
192. AlexisdeTocquevilletoEdwardVernonChilde,February19,1859 306
Undated andPartiallyDatedLetters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
193. GeorgeSumnertoAlexisdeTocqueville,Friday,June20[1849?] 308
194. N.W.BeckwithtoAlexisdeTocqueville,undated[1857?] 309
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x Contents
E. LettersbetweenTocquevilleandHisFrenchand
OtherCorrespondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Introduction 318
195. AlexisdeTocquevilletoLouisdeKergorlay,October18,1847 321
196. AlexisdeTocquevilletoJean-JacquesAmpe`re,October6,1851 324
197. Jean-JacquesAmpe`retoAlexisdeTocqueville,November7,1851 324
198. Jean-JacquesAmpe`retoAlexisdeTocqueville,November12,1851 325
199. Jean-JacquesAmpe`retoAlexisdeTocqueville,January23,1852 326
200. AdolphedeCircourttoAlexisdeTocqueville,August25,1853 327
201. AlexisdeTocquevilletoGustavedeBeaumont,November3,1853 328
202. AdolphedeCircourttoAlexisdeTocqueville,November9,1853 329
203. AlexisdeTocquevilletoMadamedeCircourt,November26,1853 330
204. AlexisdeTocquevilletoGustavedeBeaumont,August6,1854 330
205. AdolphedeCircourttoAlexisdeTocqueville,November26,1854 332
206. AdolphedeCircourttoAlexisdeTocqueville,November1,1855 332
207. ArthurdeGobineautoAlexisdeTocqueville,March20,1856 333
208. AdolphedeCircourttoAlexisdeTocqueville,June7,1856 334
209. AdolphedeCircourttoAlexisdeTocqueville,June15,1856 334
210. AlexisdeTocquevilletoMadamedeCircourt,July5,1856 335
211. AlexisdeTocquevilletoArthurdeGobineau,July30,1856 335
212. AlexisdeTocquevilletoNassauSenior,September4,1856 336
213. AdolphedeCircourttoAlexisdeTocqueville,November4,1856 336
214. AlexisdeTocquevilletoArthurdeGobineau,January24,1857 337
215. AdolphedeCircourttoAlexisdeTocqueville,October14,1857 337
216. AlexisdeTocquevilletoGustavedeBeaumont,November16,1857 338
217. AlexisdeTocquevilletoGustavedeBeaumont,December6,1857 339
PART II: SPEECHES, ARTICLES, AND DIPLOMATIC
PAPERS
A. Americainthe1840s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
GeneralIntroduction 343
OutlineofaspeechontheOregonAffair(1846) 350
“ReportonDemocracyinSwitzerland”(1848) 354
B. AmericaandtheRevolutionof1848 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Introduction 370
SpeechatthepopularbanquetofCherbourg(March1848) 372
PrefacetothetwelftheditionofDemocracyinAmerica(1848) 374
C. Tocqueville’sContributionstotheDebatesontheConstitution
oftheSecondRepublic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Introduction 377
DraftingofthenewConstitution(sessionsofMay25andMay27,1848) 381
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