Tobacco Smoking and Nicotine: A Neurobiological Approach PDF
Preview Tobacco Smoking and Nicotine: A Neurobiological Approach
TOBACCO SMOKING AND NICOTINE A Neurobiological Approach ADVANCES IN BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY Editorial Board Jan Bures Institute of Physiology, Prague, Czechoslovakia Irwin Kopln National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland Bruce McEwen Rockefeller University, New York, New York James McGaugh University of California, Irvine, California Karl Prlbram Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California Jay RosenblaH Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey Lawrence Welskrantz University of Oxford, Oxford, England Recent Volumes in this Series Volume 21 COCAINE AND OTHER STIMULANTS Edited by Everett H. Ellinwood, Jr. and M. Marlyne Kilbey Volume 22 DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS PROPERTIES OF DRUGS Edited by Harbans LaI Volume 23 THE AGING BRAIN AND SENILE DEMENTIA Edited by Kalidas Nandy and Ira Sherwin Volume 24 CHOLINERGIC MECHANISMS AND PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY Edited by Donald J. Jenden Volume 25 CHOLINERGIC MECHANISMS: Phylogenetic Aspects, Central and Peripheral Synapses, and Clinical Significance Edited by Giancarlo Pepeu and Herbert Ladinsky Volume 26 CONDITIONING: Representation of Involved Neural Functions Edited by Charles D. Woody Volume 27 THE BASAL GANGLIA: Structure and Function Edited by John S. McKenzie, Robert E. Kemm, and Lynette N. Wilcock, Volume 28 BRAIN PLASTICITY, LEARNING, AND MEMORY Edited by B. E. Will, P. Schmitt, and J. C. Dalrymple-Alford Volume 29 ALZHEIMER'S AND PARKINSON'S DISEASES: Strategies for Research and Development Edited by Abraham Fisher, Israel Hanin, and Chaim Lachman Volume 30 DYNAMICS OF CHOLINERGIC FUNCTION Edited by Israel Hanin Volume 31 TOBACCO SMOKING AND NICOTINE: A Neurobiological Approach Edited by William R. Martin, Glen R. Van Loon, Edgar T. Iwamoto, and Lay ten Davis Volume 32 THE BASAL GANGLIA II: Structure and Function-Current Concepts Edited by Malcolm B. Carpenter and A. Jayaraman A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher. TOBACCO SMOKING AND NICOTINE A Neurobiological Approach Edited by William R. Martin Glen R. Van Loon Edgar T. Iwamoto and Lay ten Davis University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky PLENUM PRESS -NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Tobacco smoking and nicotine. Proceedings of an international symposium, held Dec. 2-4, 1985, in Lexington, Ky. Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Nicotine-Physiological effect-Congresses. 2. Tobacco-Physio)ogical ef fect-Gongresses. 3. Neuropsychopharmacology-Congresses. I. Martin, William R. (William Robert), 1921- . [DNLM: 1. Behavior-drug effects-congresses. 2. Nervous System-drug effects-congresses. 3. Nicotine-adverse effects congresses. 4. Nicotine-pharmacodynamics-congresses. QV 137 T6278 1985) QP801.N48T63 1987 615'.782 87-18513 ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-9063-6 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-1911-5 001: 10.1007/978-1-4613-1911-5 Proceedings of an international symposium on Tobacco Smoking and Health: A Neurobiological Approach, held December 2-4, 1985, in Lexington, Kentucky © 1987 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1987 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electroniC, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher PREFACE Nicotine is the major factor in the continuation of the smoking habit among humans. On December 2-4, 1985, under the sponsorship of the Tobacco and Health Research Institute in Lexington, Kentucky, leading scientists from around the world whose research efforts have focused on the role of nicotine in the tobacco habit participated in an International Symposium to provide the most comprehensive and coverage of this topic so ~xtensive far. The material discussed was in the forefront of man's knowledge about nicotine, and both lectures and question and answer sessions were stimulating and enlightening. This publication contains the manuscripts presented at the Symposium, along with an Overview prepared by selected individuals. Lecture and poster session topics are delineated more fully in the Overview. This volume is expected to serve as a definitive reference on nicotine as it relates to the tobacco habit. Symposium sessions were arranged under four headings: (1) behavioral effects of nicotine and nicotine~ependence in humans and animals, (2) neurohumoral regulation of neuroendocrine and cardiovascular function by nicotine, (3) neuropharmacology of nicotine, and (4) neurochemistry. This was the first assembly of this magnitude of scientists who had devoted years of research to nicotine and its effects. Indeed, it was a pleasure to have sponsored this important event. Dr. Lay ten Davis, Director Tobacco and Health Research Institute Cooper and Alumni Drives Lexington, KY 40546-0236 v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Editors of this volume express sincere appreciation to all of the contributors. Special acknowledgments are given to Ms. Elaine Fisher for the many hours spent typing the manuscripts and to Dr. Janice Humble and Ms. Carol Smith of the Scientific Information Section of the Tobacco and Health Research Institute for their valuable assistance in preparing the volume. CONTENTS Tobacco and Health Overview: A Neurobiological Approach • • • • • •• 1 W.R. Martin Tobacco Use and Associated Health Risks 15 D.L. Davis BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF NICOTINE AND DEPENDENCE IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS Nicotine Intake and its Regulation by Smokers 25 M.A.H. Russell The Functions of Smoking • • • . • 51 D.M. Warburton Nicotine Increases Mental Efficiency: But How? 63 K. Wesnes Nicotine: Abuse Liability, Dependence Potential and Pharmacologic Treatment of Dependence 81 J.E. Henningfield, S.R. Goldberg, and D.R. Jasinski Nicotine Actions in Models of Learning/Memory and Reward 101 E.T. Iwamoto, P.J. Fudala, W.R. Mundy, and E.C. Williamson Discriminative Stimulus Effects of Nicotine: Correlation with Binding Studies •.•.••••••.••••• 113 I.P. Stol erman , R.K. Kumar, J.A. Pratt, and C. Reavill Noncholinergic Mechanisms Involved in the Behavioral and Stimulus Effects of Nicotine! And Relationships to the Process of Nicotine Dependence ••.• 125 J.A. Rosecrans Intracranial Self-Stimulation Studies with Nicotine 141 P.B.S. Clarke and R. Kumar Autoradiographical Evidence of Nicotinic Receptors in Rat Brain • . • • • • • • • • • • • • ••.• • • • • 151 P.B.S. Clarke, and A. Pert Nicotinic Modulation of Dopaminergic Neurotransmission: Functional Implications •••••••••••••••••••• 169 A. Pert and P.B.S. Clarke NEUROHUMORAL REGULATION OF NEUROENDOCRINE AND CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION BY NICOTINE Current Concepts on the Effects of Nicotine on Neurotransmitter Re 1e ase in the Central Nervous System • • • • • • • • •• ••• 191 P. Rowell Mechanisms of Nicotine Regulation of Dopamine Release in Neostriatum ••••••••• • • • • • • • • 209 T.C. Westfall, H. Perry, and L. Vickery Effects of Nicotine and Exposure to Cigarette Smoke on Discrete Dopamine and Noradrenaline Nerve Terminal Systems of the Telencephalon and Diencephalon of the Rat: Relationship to Reward Mechanisms and Neuroendocrine Functions and Distribution of Nicotinic Binding Sites in Brain •• • • • • • • • • • • • • 225 K. Fuxe, K. Andersson, P. Eneroth, A. Harfstrand A. Nordberg, and L.F. Agnati Nicoti nic Regul ation of Sympathoadrenal Catecholamine Secret ion: Cross-To 1e rance to Stress ••••••••••••• 263 G.R. Van Loon, J.A. Kiritsy-Roy, L.V. Brown and F.A. Bobbitt Central Nicotinic Regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure ••••••• 277 T. Kubo Control of Blood Pressure by Muscarinic and Nicotinic Receptors in the Ventro 1a tera 1 Medu 11 a • • • •• ••••••• 287 H. Sapru Stereoselectivity of Nicotine's Central Effects and its Relationship to Pain and Cardiovascular Function •••••••• 301 B.R. Martin Nicotinic Receptors in the Motor Endplate and in Sympathetic Ganglia ••••••••••••••••••••• 317 R.L. Volle Nicotinic and Muscarinic Regulation of Adrenal Catecholamine Secretion •••••••••••••••••••• 325 A.R. Wakade Nicotinic Regulation of Adrenomedullary Opioid Peptide Synthesis and Secretion: A Model to Study Monoamine Neuropeptide Cotransmission ••••••••• 341 O.H. Viveros, C.D. Unsworth, T. Kanamatsu, J-S. Hong, and E.J. Diliberto, Jr. NEUROPHARMACOLOGY OF NICOTINE Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Nicotine in Man • •• •••••••• • • • • • • • • • • 357 N.L. Benowitz, and P. Jacob III viii Metabolism of Nicotine in Smokers and Nonsmokers 375 D.W. Sepkovic and N.J. Haley Does Smoking Decrease Eating and Eating Increase Smoking? 389 M.E. Jarvik NEUROCHEMISTRY The Biochemical and Functional Nature of the Nicotine • 401 Receptor in Rat Brain L.G. Abood, A. Maiti, S. Grassi, and K.S. Salles Brain and Muscle Nicotinic Receptors: Complex Homologous Proteins Carrying Multiple Binding Sites •••••••••••• 413 B.M. Conti-Tronconi, and M.A. Raftery The Effects of Chronic Nicotine Administration on Brain Nicotinic Receptor Numbers • • .•••••••• 439 A.C. Collins and M.J. Marks Multiple Nicotinic Receptors: Nicotinic Ligands With Different Specificities .•• 451 J.W. Sloan, W.R. Martin, and W.T. Smith Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptor Recognition Sites in Brain 467 K.J. Kellar, R.D. Schwartz, and A.M. Martino Nicotinic Binding Sites in the Brain: Properties, Regulation, and Putative Endogenous Ligands •••••••.•• 481 H. Sershen and A. Lajtha ABSTRACTS Dose-related Nicotine Effects on CNS Binding and Behavior .•.••. 493 C. Ksir and R.L. Hakan [3H]Acetylcholine Binding to Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptors in Brain: Localization and Regulation Visualized by Autoradiography • • • . . . . . . .••• 494 R.D. Schwartz, B.B. Wolfe, T.C. Rainbow, and K.J. Kellar Acute Effects of Tobacco on Human Brain Stem Evoked Potentials •••••••••••••..•••.•. 495 V.J. Knott Effects of Nicotine on the Development of an Invertebrate Embryonic System • • • 495 V. Martin, K. Kolberg, W. Archer ~nd Effect of Nicotine on the Turnover Rate of Catecholamine in the Rat Brain ••• 496 T. Kubo, H. Amano, Y. Goshima, and Y. Misu Cigarette Smoking and Parkinsonism ••. • • • . • • • • • . 497 J.A. Baron, P. Adams, and H. Quinton Stereospecific N-Methylation of Nicotine by Intact Guinea Pig Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophages ••.•.•• 498 C. Gairola, A. Al Houdi, C.S. Godin, and P.A. Crooks TOBACCO AND HEALTH OVERVIEW A NEUROBIOLOGIC APPROACH William R. Martin Department of Pharmacology College of Medicine University of Kentucky Lexington, KY 40536 INTRODUCTION A conference on the neurobiology of smoking, sponsored by the Tobacco and Health Research Institute of the University of Kentucky, summarized the role of the brain in tobacco dependence. This volume contains the reports and reviews of 34 investigators who addressed the conference. These scientific reports are technical in nature. There are three purposes of this overview. The first purpose is to place substance dependencies in the context of current knowledge of brain function and to relate these findings to tobacco dependency. The second purpose is to provide a statement, in layman's terms, which relates these papers to the broad issue of tobacco and health. The third purpose is to provide a succinct summary of the conference. Modern advances in the understanding of brain function and the effects of dependence-producing substances have revealed that almost all dependence-producing substances, in one way or another, alter normal chemical transmission in the brain. It is believed that most of the transactions of the brain are a consequence of nerve cells releasing chemicals (nerve transmitters) which affect the functioning of other nerve cells. Some of these important transmitters are: dopamine; the opioid enkephalins, endorphins and dynorphins; acetylcholine; and gamma-aminobutyric acid. These nerve transmitters exert their effects by interacting with a variety of chemical receptors which initiate changes in the functioning of nerve cells. Some drug types that alter or mimic these nerve transmitters are nicotine, opioids, and amphetamine-like drugs. All dependence-producing chemicals have been shown to produce feelings of well-being or euphoria. These feelings are largely characterized by an enhancement of self-image and associated feelings of being more effective and competitive. They do not produce exotic and ecstatic feelings. Some people may have an especially strong need for these types of mood changes and feelings. The question of whether a substance which enhances the effects of the naturally occurring nerve transmitters and fulfills a psychologic need should be viewed as an unnatural dependency is a major question. Many people have apparently minor disorders in feeling states that have profound influences upon behavior. These feelings can be improved or normalized by certain dependence-producing drugs and hence· the
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