Tobacco basics handbook PDF
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TOBACCO BASICS HANDBOOK MDAC 1D igitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/tobaccobasicshanOOjahr TOBACCO BASICS HANDBOOK THIRD EDITION For additional copies, visit your local AADAC office or order through our online resource catalogue at aadac.com For more information about the content of this handbook, contact AADAC Research Services at 780.427.0116. The Tobacco Basics Handbook was prepared by Jesse Jahrig, Research Officer, Research Services, AADAC Kenna Ranson, Research Officer, Research Services, AADAC Brenda Maire, Research Officer, Research Services, AADAC (Economics of Tobacco Use) AADAC would like to acknowledge the following people for providing external reviews and research expertise: Steven Patterson, BSc, DDS, MPH, Cert. Addiction Studies, Clinical Professor, Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine 8: Dentistry, University of Alberta, reviewed the chapter "Smokeless Tobacco." Laureen McPeak, RN, Education Co-ordinator, Alberta Perinatal Health Program, Capital Health Authority, reviewed the chapter "Pregnancy and Smoking." TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 1 Introduction 5 Smoking Prevalence 7 Health Consequences of Tobacco Use 23 Youth and Smoking 45 Pregnancy and Smoking 81 Second-Hand Smoke 99 Smokeless Tobacco 125 Economics of Tobacco Use 143 Tobacco Addiction 161 Cessation of Tobacco Use 169 3 Further Resources 201 3 1 Tobacco Basics Handbook | T hird Edition INTRODUCTION The Tobacco Basics Handbook The Tobacco Basics Handbook is designed to provide a comprehensive evidence-based source of information to assist a variety of readers. This handbool< extensively documents survey results and findings from many studies and sources, combining these into a single source of basic facts and current knowledge in the tobacco control field. More than a reference The Tobacco Basics Handbook is intended primarily for people working within tobacco reduction, but its content is accessible to anyone interested in this important area of population health. The handbook provides clear, readable information in sections that can be used independently. Because the chapters are designed to be used independently, you will see infonnation repeated in some sections. In the handbook, you will find information that is • A lberta specific Where possible, this handbook uses Alberta data and puts the issues in a context relevant to people in this province. In addition, Canadian and world statistics are provided. • e vidence-based and fully referenced Most infoniiation in tlie handbook is b ased on aiticles from peer-reviewed journals. Every effort has been made to check the accuracy of the information and to ensure that a substantial body of evidence supports the information reported. • up to date Research in this field changes every day. This handbook is based on current, published research, and will be revised from time to time as necessaiy. For annual updates on statistics such as smoking prevalence, refer to the Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey. Smoking Prevalence Alberta DEFINITIONS FOR FINDINGS FROM THE CANADIAN TOBACCO USE In 2006, MONITORING SURVEY Smoking prevalence is the proportion • 2 1% of Albertans aged 15 years and older were current smokers of a population that smokes cigarettes (16% were daily smokers and 5% were occasional smokers).' at a given time. • D aily smokers in Alberta smoked an average of 15.9 cigarettes Smoking Status A current smoker \s a person who per day' currently smokes cigarettes daily • 2 6% of Albertans were former smokers and 53% were or occasionally. never smokers.' A daily smoker \s a person who • 2 3% of Albertan males were current smokers.' ceuvrerreyn t dlayy . smokes cigarettes • 1 9% of Albertan females were current smokers.' A non-daily (occasional) smoker is • 1 5% of Alberta youth aged 15 to 19 were current smokers a person who currently smokes (15%^ were males and 16%^ were females).' cigarettes, but not every day. •A greater proportion of never smokers (33%) than current A non-smoker \s a person who currently does not smoke cigarettes. smokers (16%) completed university.' Smoking History A former smoker \s a person who has smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their life, but currently does not smoke. Subject to moderate sampling variability and therefore results should be interpreted with caution. Sampling variability measures the reliability of the estimate. Estimates with moderate sampling An experimental smoker \s a person variability are less reliable than estimates with acceptable levels of sampling variability; however, these estimates are still useful indicators. who has smoked at least one cigarette, but less than 100 cigarettes, and currently does not smoke cigarettes. A lifetime abstainer \s a person who has never smoked cigarettes at all. An ever smoker \s a person who is a current smoker or a former smoker. A never smoker Is a person who was an experimental smoker or who is a lifetime abstainer. Tobacco Basics Handbook | T hird Edition Smoking Prevalence SMOKING PREVALENCE Using data obtained from the World Health Organization (WHO), Corrao et al. (2000) estimated that 30% of the global population were current smokers; specifically, 48% of males and 12% of females smoked worldwide. The American Cancer Society (2006) reported that there was a substantially higher prevalence of smoking among males in developing countries than in developed countries (50% vs. 35%, respectively). The reverse was found to be true for females; there were more female smokers in developed countries than female smokers in developing countries (22% vs. 9%, respectively). Worldwide, nearly five million deaths a year are due to tobacco use, which accounts for roughly 1 2% of global adult mortality.^ It is estimated that this number will more than double by 2020, and that 70% of tobacco-related deaths will occur in developing nations.^ Smoking rates began declining in Canada and the western world when the health consequences of smoking were made public in the 1960s with reports such as the United States surgeon general's report on smoking and health. The majority of Canadians do not smoke. In 2006, 81% of Canadians aged 1 5 years and older did not smoke (80% of males and 83% of females).^ In 2005, in both Canada and Alberta, there were more people who had quit smoking than people who currently smoked.^ Not only are fewer Canadians smoking, they are smoking less. In 1999, daily smokers consumed an average of 17 cigarettes per day. In 2002, this number had decreased to 16.4 cigarettes per day, and in 2006, daily smokers consumed 15.5 cigarettes per day.^ Despite these encouraging numbers, there is still a large number of Canadians and Albertans who smoke; 19% of Canadians and 21% of Albertans were current smokers in 2006.^ Smoking in Canada and Alberta The Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey (CTUMS) asks Canadians aged 15 years and older about tobacco use and related issues. It has provided reUable data on the population s s moking patterns and behaviour since 1999. Thus, it is used as the primaiy source to report on tobacco use nationally and provincially for those aged 15 years and older. Smoking Prevalence Canada Smoking prevalence in Canada declined 6% between 1999 and 2006. In 1999, 25% of Canadians aged 15 years and older were smokers;' this decreased to 19% in 2006.^ In 2006, 14% of Canadians smoked daily and 4% smoked occasionally, and those who smoked daily consumed an average of 15.5 cigarettes per day. Further, 27% of Canadians were former smokers and 54% were never smokers.' Figure . P ercentage of Current Smokers, age 1 5+ years, Canada and Alberta, 1 999 to 2006 30 25 I C anada cu ^ 20 Alberta ai. i 15 10 5 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Source: Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey (1999-2006)' Alberta Smoking prevalence in Alberta declined 5% between 1999 and 2006. Figure 2 illustrates the smoking status (current, former, or never smokers) of Albertans between 1999 and 2006. In 1999, 26% of Albertans aged 15 years and older were smokers;' this decreased to 21% in 2006.' In 2006, 17% of Albertans smoked daily and 5% smoked occasionally, and those who smoked daily consumed an average of 15.9 cigarettes per day. Further, 26% of Albertans were former smokers and 53% were never smokers.' Figure 2, Smoking status, age 15+ years, Alberta, 1999 to 2006 60 52 52 50 c<Lt 1 40 I I CF uorrrmeenrt SSmmookle<err ^CI 30 Never Smol<er H24 • 23 23 ^ 23 23 23 ^1 23 HM 20 10 0 19■99 | 2l000 | 2l001 | 2l002 P 20 03 | 2l004 t 20 05 t 2006 Source: Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Sun/ey (1999-2006)'
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