Title 14—Aeronautics and Space

1057 Pages·2016·14.15 MB·English

Title 14—Aeronautics
and Space
(This book contains parts 1 to 59)
Part
CHAPTER I—Federal Aviation Administration, Department
of Transportation ............................................................... 1
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CHAPTER I—FEDERAL AVIATION
ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF
TRANSPORTATION
SUBCHAPTER A—DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Part Page
1 Definitions and abbreviations ................................. 5
3 General requirements .............................................. 20
5 Safety management systems ................................... 21
SUBCHAPTER B—PROCEDURAL RULES
11 General rulemaking procedures .............................. 26
13 Investigative and enforcement procedures .............. 37
14 Rules implementing the Equal Access to Justice
Act of 1980 ............................................................ 82
15 Administrative claims under Federal Tort Claims
Act ....................................................................... 88
16 Rules of practice for Federally-assisted airport en-
forcement proceedings. ........................................ 93
17 Procedures for protests and contract disputes ........ 114
SUBCHAPTER C—AIRCRAFT
21 Certification procedures for products and parts ..... 131
23 Airworthiness standards: Normal, utility, acro-
batic, and commuter category airplanes .............. 176
25 Airworthiness standards: Transport category air-
planes ................................................................... 366
26 Continued airworthiness and safety improvements
for transport category airplanes .......................... 639
27 Airworthiness standards: Normal category rotor-
craft ..................................................................... 654
29 Airworthiness standards: Transport category
rotorcraft ............................................................. 740
31 Airworthiness standards: Manned free balloons ...... 859
FR 33 Airworthiness standards: Aircraft engines .............. 866
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with 34 Fuel venting and exhaust emission requirements
OD for turbine engine powered airplanes ................... 911
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14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–16 Edition)
Part Page
35 Airworthiness standards: Propellers ....................... 923
36 Noise standards: Aircraft type and airworthiness
certification ......................................................... 931
39 Airworthiness directives ......................................... 1009
43 Maintenance, preventive maintenance, rebuilding,
and alteration ...................................................... 1011
45 Identification and registration marking ................. 1027
47 Aircraft registration ............................................... 1033
48 Registration and marking requirements for small
unmanned aircraft ............................................... 1048
49 Recording of aircraft titles and security docu-
ments ................................................................... 1052
50–59 [Reserved]
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SUBCHAPTER A—DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND Airport means an area of land or
ABBREVIATIONS water that is used or intended to be
used for the landing and takeoff of air-
craft, and includes its buildings and fa-
Sec.
1.1 General definitions. cilities, if any.
1.2 Abbreviations and symbols. Airship means an engine-driven light-
1.3 Rules of construction. er-than-air aircraft that can be steered.
Air traffic means aircraft operating in
AUTHORITY: 49 U.S.C. 106(f), 106(g), 40113,
44701. the air or on an airport surface, exclu-
sive of loading ramps and parking
§1.1 General definitions. areas.
As used in Subchapters A through K Air traffic clearance means an author-
of this chapter, unless the context re- ization by air traffic control, for the
quires otherwise: purpose of preventing collision between
Administrator means the Federal known aircraft, for an aircraft to pro-
Aviation Administrator or any person ceed under specified traffic conditions
to whom he has delegated his authority within controlled airspace.
in the matter concerned. Air traffic control means a service op-
Aerodynamic coefficients means non- erated by appropriate authority to pro-
dimensional coefficients for aero- mote the safe, orderly, and expeditious
dynamic forces and moments. flow of air traffic.
Air carrier means a person who under- Air Traffic Service (ATS) route is a
takes directly by lease, or other ar- specified route designated for chan-
rangement, to engage in air transpor- neling the flow of traffic as necessary
tation. for the provision of air traffic services.
Air commerce means interstate, over- The term ‘‘ATS route’’ refers to a vari-
seas, or foreign air commerce or the ety of airways, including jet routes,
transportation of mail by aircraft or area navigation (RNAV) routes, and ar-
any operation or navigation of aircraft rival and departure routes. An ATS
within the limits of any Federal airway route is defined by route specifications,
or any operation or navigation of air- which may include:
craft which directly affects, or which (1) An ATS route designator;
may endanger safety in, interstate, (2) The path to or from significant
overseas, or foreign air commerce. points;
Aircraft means a device that is used (3) Distance between significant
or intended to be used for flight in the points;
air. (4) Reporting requirements; and
Aircraft engine means an engine that (5) The lowest safe altitude deter-
is used or intended to be used for pro- mined by the appropriate authority.
pelling aircraft. It includes turbo- Air transportation means interstate,
superchargers, appurtenances, and ac- overseas, or foreign air transportation
cessories necessary for its functioning, or the transportation of mail by air-
but does not include propellers. craft.
Airframe means the fuselage, booms, Alert Area. An alert area is estab-
nacelles, cowlings, fairings, airfoil sur- lished to inform pilots of a specific
faces (including rotors but excluding area wherein a high volume of pilot
propellers and rotating airfoils of en- training or an unusual type of aero-
gines), and landing gear of an aircraft nautical activity is conducted.
and their accessories and controls. Alternate airport means an airport at
Airplane means an engine-driven which an aircraft may land if a landing
R fixed-wing aircraft heavier than air, at the intended airport becomes inad-
CF that is supported in flight by the dy- visable.
with namic reaction of the air against its Altitude engine means a reciprocating
OD wings. aircraft engine having a rated takeoff
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§1.1 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–16 Edition)
power that is producible from sea level for position and instrument error. Cali-
to an established higher altitude. brated airspeed is equal to true air-
Amateur rocket means an unmanned speed in standard atmosphere at sea
rocket that: level.
(1) Is propelled by a motor or motors Canard means the forward wing of a
having a combined total impulse of canard configuration and may be a
889,600 Newton-seconds (200,000 pound- fixed, movable, or variable geometry
seconds) or less; and surface, with or without control sur-
(2) Cannot reach an altitude greater faces.
than 150 kilometers (93.2 statute miles) Canard configuration means a configu-
above the earth’s surface. ration in which the span of the forward
Appliance means any instrument, wing is substantially less than that of
mechanism, equipment, part, appa- the main wing.
ratus, appurtenance, or accessory, in-
Category:
cluding communications equipment,
(1) As used with respect to the cer-
that is used or intended to be used in
tification, ratings, privileges, and limi-
operating or controlling an aircraft in
tations of airmen, means a broad clas-
flight, is installed in or attached to the
sification of aircraft. Examples in-
aircraft, and is not part of an airframe,
clude: airplane; rotorcraft; glider; and
engine, or propeller.
lighter-than-air; and
Approved, unless used with reference
(2) As used with respect to the cer-
to another person, means approved by
tification of aircraft, means a grouping
the FAA or any person to whom the
of aircraft based upon intended use or
FAA has delegated its authority in the
operating limitations. Examples in-
matter concerned, or approved under
clude: transport, normal, utility, acro-
the provisions of a bilateral agreement
batic, limited, restricted, and provi-
between the United States and a for-
sional.
eign country or jurisdiction.
Area navigation (RNAV) is a method Category A, with respect to transport
of navigation that permits aircraft op- category rotorcraft, means multien-
erations on any desired flight path. gine rotorcraft designed with engine
Area navigation (RNAV) route is an and system isolation features specified
ATS route based on RNAV that can be in Part 29 and utilizing scheduled take-
used by suitably equipped aircraft. off and landing operations under a crit-
Armed Forces means the Army, Navy, ical engine failure concept which
Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast assures adequate designated surface
Guard, including their regular and re- area and adequate performance capa-
serve components and members serving bility for continued safe flight in the
without component status. event of engine failure.
Autorotation means a rotorcraft flight Category B, with respect to transport
condition in which the lifting rotor is category rotorcraft, means single-en-
driven entirely by action of the air gine or multiengine rotorcraft which
when the rotorcraft is in motion. do not fully meet all Category A stand-
Auxiliary rotor means a rotor that ards. Category B rotorcraft have no
serves either to counteract the effect of guaranteed stay-up ability in the event
the main rotor torque on a rotorcraft of engine failure and unscheduled land-
or to maneuver the rotorcraft about ing is assumed.
one or more of its three principal axes. Category II operations, with respect to
Balloon means a lighter-than-air air- the operation of aircraft, means a
craft that is not engine driven, and straight-in ILS approach to the runway
that sustains flight through the use of of an airport under a Category II ILS
either gas buoyancy or an airborne instrument approach procedure issued
heater. by the Administrator or other appro-
Brake horsepower means the power de- priate authority.
livered at the propeller shaft (main Category III operations, with respect
R drive or main output) of an aircraft en- to the operation of aircraft, means an
CF gine. ILS approach to, and landing on, the
with Calibrated airspeed means the indi- runway of an airport using a Category
OD cated airspeed of an aircraft, corrected III ILS instrument approach procedure
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Federal Aviation Administration, DOT §1.1
issued by the Administrator or other Commercial operator means a person
appropriate authority. who, for compensation or hire, engages
Ceiling means the height above the in the carriage by aircraft in air com-
earth’s surface of the lowest layer of merce of persons or property, other
clouds or obscuring phenomena that is than as an air carrier or foreign air
reported as ‘‘broken’’, ‘‘overcast’’, or carrier or under the authority of Part
‘‘obscuration’’, and not classified as 375 of this title. Where it is doubtful
‘‘thin’’ or ‘‘partial’’. that an operation is for ‘‘compensation
Civil aircraft means aircraft other or hire’’, the test applied is whether
than public aircraft. the carriage by air is merely incidental
Class: to the person’s other business or is, in
(1) As used with respect to the cer- itself, a major enterprise for profit.
tification, ratings, privileges, and limi- Configuration, Maintenance, and Pro-
tations of airmen, means a classifica- cedures (CMP) document means a docu-
tion of aircraft within a category hav- ment approved by the FAA that con-
ing similar operating characteristics. tains minimum configuration, oper-
Examples include: single engine; multi- ating, and maintenance requirements,
engine; land; water; gyroplane; heli- hardware life-limits, and Master Min-
copter; airship; and free balloon; and imum Equipment List (MMEL) con-
(2) As used with respect to the cer- straints necessary for an airplane-en-
tification of aircraft, means a broad gine combination to meet ETOPS type
grouping of aircraft having similar design approval requirements.
characteristics of propulsion, flight, or Consensus standard means, for the
landing. Examples include: airplane; purpose of certificating light-sport air-
rotorcraft; glider; balloon; landplane; craft, an industry-developed consensus
and seaplane. standard that applies to aircraft de-
Clearway means: sign, production, and airworthiness. It
(1) For turbine engine powered air- includes, but is not limited to, stand-
ards for aircraft design and perform-
planes certificated after August 29,
ance, required equipment, manufac-
1959, an area beyond the runway, not
turer quality assurance systems, pro-
less than 500 feet wide, centrally lo-
duction acceptance test procedures, op-
cated about the extended centerline of
erating instructions, maintenance and
the runway, and under the control of
inspection procedures, identification
the airport authorities. The clearway
and recording of major repairs and
is expressed in terms of a clearway
major alterations, and continued air-
plane, extending from the end of the
worthiness.
runway with an upward slope not ex-
Controlled airspace means an airspace
ceeding 1.25 percent, above which no
of defined dimensions within which air
object nor any terrain protrudes. How-
traffic control service is provided to
ever, threshold lights may protrude
IFR flights and to VFR flights in ac-
above the plane if their height above
cordance with the airspace classifica-
the end of the runway is 26 inches or
tion.
less and if they are located to each side
of the runway. NOTE: Controlled airspace is a generic term
(2) For turbine engine powered air- that covers Class A, Class B, Class C, Class
planes certificated after September 30, D, and Class E airspace.
1958, but before August 30, 1959, an area Controlled Firing Area. A controlled
beyond the takeoff runway extending firing area is established to contain ac-
no less than 300 feet on either side of tivities, which if not conducted in a
the extended centerline of the runway, controlled environment, would be haz-
at an elevation no higher than the ele- ardous to nonparticipating aircraft.
vation of the end of the runway, clear Crewmember means a person assigned
of all fixed obstacles, and under the to perform duty in an aircraft during
control of the airport authorities. flight time.
Climbout speed, with respect to rotor- Critical altitude means the maximum
R craft, means a referenced airspeed altitude at which, in standard atmos-
CF which results in a flight path clear of phere, it is possible to maintain, at a
with the height-velocity envelope during specified rotational speed, a specified
OD initial climbout. power or a specified manifold pressure.
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§1.1 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–16 Edition)
Unless otherwise stated, the critical al- radiometry, millimeter wave radar,
titude is the maximum altitude at low light level image intensifying.
which it is possible to maintain, at the Equivalent airspeed means the cali-
maximum continuous rotational speed, brated airspeed of an aircraft corrected
one of the following: for adiabatic compressible flow for the
(1) The maximum continuous power, particular altitude. Equivalent air-
in the case of engines for which this speed is equal to calibrated airspeed in
power rating is the same at sea level standard atmosphere at sea level.
and at the rated altitude. ETOPS Significant System means an
(2) The maximum continuous rated airplane system, including the propul-
manifold pressure, in the case of en- sion system, the failure or malfunc-
gines, the maximum continuous power tioning of which could adversely affect
of which is governed by a constant the safety of an ETOPS flight, or the
manifold pressure. continued safe flight and landing of an
Critical engine means the engine airplane during an ETOPS diversion.
whose failure would most adversely af- Each ETOPS significant system is ei-
fect the performance or handling quali- ther an ETOPS group 1 significant sys-
ties of an aircraft. tem or an ETOPS group 2 significant
Decision altitude (DA) is a specified al- system.
titude in an instrument approach pro- (1) An ETOPS group 1 Significant
cedure at which the pilot must decide System—
whether to initiate an immediate (i) Has fail-safe characteristics di-
missed approach if the pilot does not rectly linked to the degree of redun-
see the required visual reference, or to dancy provided by the number of en-
continue the approach. Decision alti- gines on the airplane.
tude is expressed in feet above mean (ii) Is a system, the failure or mal-
sea level. function of which could result in an
Decision height (DH) is a specified IFSD, loss of thrust control, or other
height above the ground in an instru- power loss.
ment approach procedure at which the (iii) Contributes significantly to the
pilot must decide whether to initiate safety of an ETOPS diversion by pro-
an immediate missed approach if the viding additional redundancy for any
pilot does not see the required visual system power source lost as a result of
reference, or to continue the approach. an inoperative engine.
Decision height is expressed in feet (iv) Is essential for prolonged oper-
above ground level. ation of an airplane at engine inoper-
Early ETOPS means ETOPS type de- ative altitudes.
sign approval obtained without gaining (2) An ETOPS group 2 significant sys-
non-ETOPS service experience on the tem is an ETOPS significant system
candidate airplane-engine combination that is not an ETOPS group 1 signifi-
certified for ETOPS. cant system.
Enhanced flight visibility (EFV) means Extended Operations (ETOPS) means
the average forward horizontal dis- an airplane flight operation, other than
tance, from the cockpit of an aircraft an all-cargo operation in an airplane
in flight, at which prominent topo- with more than two engines, during
graphical objects may be clearly dis- which a portion of the flight is con-
tinguished and identified by day or ducted beyond a time threshold identi-
night by a pilot using an enhanced fied in part 121 or part 135 of this chap-
flight vision system. ter that is determined using an ap-
Enhanced flight vision system (EFVS) proved one-engine-inoperative cruise
means an electronic means to provide a speed under standard atmospheric con-
display of the forward external scene ditions in still air.
topography (the natural or manmade Extended over-water operation means—
features of a place or region especially (1) With respect to aircraft other
R in a way to show their relative posi- than helicopters, an operation over
CF tions and elevation) through the use of water at a horizontal distance of more
with imaging sensors, such as a forward than 50 nautical miles from the nearest
OD looking infrared, millimeter wave shoreline; and
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Federal Aviation Administration, DOT §1.1
(2) With respect to helicopters, an op- Flammable, with respect to a fluid or
eration over water at a horizontal dis- gas, means susceptible to igniting read-
tance of more than 50 nautical miles ily or to exploding.
from the nearest shoreline and more Flap extended speed means the highest
than 50 nautical miles from an off- speed permissible with wing flaps in a
shore heliport structure. prescribed extended position.
External load means a load that is Flash resistant means not susceptible
carried, or extends, outside of the air- to burning violently when ignited.
craft fuselage. Flightcrew member means a pilot,
External-load attaching means means flight engineer, or flight navigator as-
the structural components used to at- signed to duty in an aircraft during
tach an external load to an aircraft, in- flight time.
cluding external-load containers, the Flight level means a level of constant
backup structure at the attachment atmospheric pressure related to a ref-
points, and any quick-release device erence datum of 29.92 inches of mer-
used to jettison the external load. cury. Each is stated in three digits
Final approach fix (FAF) defines the that represent hundreds of feet. For ex-
beginning of the final approach seg- ample, flight level 250 represents a bar-
ment and the point where final seg- ometric altimeter indication of 25,000
ment descent may begin. feet; flight level 255, an indication of
Final takeoff speed means the speed of 25,500 feet.
the airplane that exists at the end of Flight plan means specified informa-
the takeoff path in the en route con- tion, relating to the intended flight of
figuration with one engine inoperative. an aircraft, that is filed orally or in
Fireproof— writing with air traffic control.
(1) With respect to materials and Flight simulation training device
parts used to confine fire in a des- (FSTD) means a flight simulator or a
ignated fire zone, means the capacity flight training device.
to withstand at least as well as steel in Flight time means:
dimensions appropriate for the purpose (1) Pilot time that commences when
for which they are used, the heat pro- an aircraft moves under its own power
duced when there is a severe fire of ex- for the purpose of flight and ends when
tended duration in that zone; and the aircraft comes to rest after land-
(2) With respect to other materials ing; or
and parts, means the capacity to with- (2) For a glider without self-launch
stand the heat associated with fire at capability, pilot time that commences
least as well as steel in dimensions ap- when the glider is towed for the pur-
propriate for the purpose for which pose of flight and ends when the glider
they are used. comes to rest after landing.
Fire resistant— Flight training device (FTD) means a
(1) With respect to sheet or struc- replica of aircraft instruments, equip-
tural members means the capacity to ment, panels, and controls in an open
withstand the heat associated with fire flight deck area or an enclosed aircraft
at least as well as aluminum alloy in cockpit replica. It includes the equip-
dimensions appropriate for the purpose ment and computer programs nec-
for which they are used; and essary to represent aircraft (or set of
(2) With respect to fluid-carrying aircraft) operations in ground and
lines, fluid system parts, wiring, air flight conditions having the full range
ducts, fittings, and powerplant con- of capabilities of the systems installed
trols, means the capacity to perform in the device as described in part 60 of
the intended functions under the heat this chapter and the qualification per-
and other conditions likely to occur formance standard (QPS) for a specific
when there is a fire at the place con- FTD qualification level.
cerned. Flight visibility means the average for-
R Flame resistant means not susceptible ward horizontal distance, from the
CF to combustion to the point of propa- cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at
with gating a flame, beyond safe limits, which prominent unlighted objects
OD after the ignition source is removed. may be seen and identified by day and
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§1.1 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–16 Edition)
prominent lighted objects may be seen Ground visibility means prevailing
and identified by night. horizontal visibility near the earth’s
Foreign air carrier means any person surface as reported by the United
other than a citizen of the United States National Weather Service or an
States, who undertakes directly, by accredited observer.
lease or other arrangement, to engage Go-around power or thrust setting
in air transportation. means the maximum allowable in-
Foreign air commerce means the car- flight power or thrust setting identi-
riage by aircraft of persons or property fied in the performance data.
for compensation or hire, or the car- Gyrodyne means a rotorcraft whose
riage of mail by aircraft, or the oper- rotors are normally engine-driven for
ation or navigation of aircraft in the takeoff, hovering, and landing, and for
conduct or furtherance of a business or forward flight through part of its speed
vocation, in commerce between a place range, and whose means of propulsion,
in the United States and any place out- consisting usually of conventional pro-
side thereof; whether such commerce pellers, is independent of the rotor sys-
moves wholly by aircraft or partly by tem.
Gyroplane means a rotorcraft whose
aircraft and partly by other forms of
rotors are not engine-driven, except for
transportation.
initial starting, but are made to rotate
Foreign air transportation means the
by action of the air when the rotorcraft
carriage by aircraft of persons or prop-
is moving; and whose means of propul-
erty as a common carrier for com-
sion, consisting usually of conven-
pensation or hire, or the carriage of
tional propellers, is independent of the
mail by aircraft, in commerce between
rotor system.
a place in the United States and any
Helicopter means a rotorcraft that,
place outside of the United States,
for its horizontal motion, depends prin-
whether that commerce moves wholly
cipally on its engine-driven rotors.
by aircraft or partly by aircraft and
Heliport means an area of land, water,
partly by other forms of transpor-
or structure used or intended to be
tation.
used for the landing and takeoff of heli-
Forward wing means a forward lifting
copters.
surface of a canard configuration or
Idle thrust means the jet thrust ob-
tandem-wing configuration airplane. tained with the engine power control
The surface may be a fixed, movable, or level set at the stop for the least thrust
variable geometry surface, with or position at which it can be placed.
without control surfaces. IFR conditions means weather condi-
Full flight simulator (FFS) means a tions below the minimum for flight
replica of a specific type; or make, under visual flight rules.
model, and series aircraft cockpit. It IFR over-the-top, with respect to the
includes the assemblage of equipment operation of aircraft, means the oper-
and computer programs necessary to ation of an aircraft over-the-top on an
represent aircraft operations in ground IFR flight plan when cleared by air
and flight conditions, a visual system traffic control to maintain ‘‘VFR con-
providing an out-of-the-cockpit view, a ditions’’ or ‘‘VFR conditions on top’’.
system that provides cues at least Indicated airspeed means the speed of
equivalent to those of a three-degree- an aircraft as shown on its pitot static
of-freedom motion system, and has the airspeed indicator calibrated to reflect
full range of capabilities of the systems standard atmosphere adiabatic com-
installed in the device as described in pressible flow at sea level uncorrected
part 60 of this chapter and the quali- for airspeed system errors.
fication performance standards (QPS) In-flight shutdown (IFSD) means, for
for a specific FFS qualification level. ETOPS only, when an engine ceases to
Glider means a heavier-than-air air- function (when the airplane is air-
craft, that is supported in flight by the borne) and is shutdown, whether self
R dynamic reaction of the air against its induced, flightcrew initiated or caused
CF lifting surfaces and whose free flight by an external influence. The FAA con-
with does not depend principally on an en- siders IFSD for all causes: for example,
OD gine. flameout, internal failure, flightcrew
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